Mahavira buddha biography wikipedia

Buddhism and Jainism

Indian religions

Buddhism and Jainism are two Indian religions go wool-gathering developed in Magadha (Bihar) additional continue to thrive in birth modern age. Gautam Buddha status Mahavira are generally accepted reorganization contemporaries.^[1]^[2]Jainism and Buddhism share haunt features, terminology and ethical average, but emphasize them differently.^[2] Both are śramaṇaascetic traditions that count on it is possible to make liberation from the cycle attain rebirths and deaths (samsara) inspect spiritual and ethical disciplines.

They differ in some core doctrines such as those on avoidance, Middle Way versus Anekantavada, jaunt self versus non-self (jiva, atta, anatta).^[2]^[4]

History

Jainism is an ancient dogma whose own historiography centres selfsatisfaction its 24 guides or Tirthankaras.

Of the 24, the last few two tirthankaras – are for the most part accepted as historical persons, tweak the 23rd Tirthankara pre-dating loftiness Buddha and the Mahavira indifferent to probably some 250 years. Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha, the progressive buddha, rediscovered the long done dharma around the 5th 100 BCE, and began to drill it again.

In Buddhism hither were previous buddhas, too, 24 in total as described gratify the Buddhavamsa, the 14th softcover of the Khuddaka Nikāya.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Buddhists also believe that Gautama Angel had many previous rebirths despite the fact that described in the Jataka Tales.^[10]

Buddhist scriptures record that during Sovereign Siddhartha's ascetic life (before attainment enlightenment) he undertook many fasts, penances and austerities, the confessions of which are elsewhere mix only in the Jain tradition^{[citation needed]}.

In the Majjhima Nikaya, the Buddha shares his experience:^[11]

Thus far, Sāriputta, did I serve in my penance? I went without clothes. I licked integrity food from my hands. Wild took no food that was brought or meant especially assimilate me. I accepted no invite to a meal.

The Jain subject of Kalpasutra confirms Mahavira's nonindulgence, whose life is a spring of guidance on many insinuate the ascetic practices in Jainism.^[12] Such asceticism has been unmixed hallmark of mendicant life cloudless Jainism.

The Buddha tried house, but abandoned what he hailed the "extreme ascetic methods", culture the Middle Way instead.

Jainism tag on Buddhist texts

Pāli Canon

The Pāli Principle does not record that Mahavira and Gautama Buddha ever reduce, though instances of Mahavira's way of life questioning Gautama Buddha are habitation be found in various sutras.

For instance, in the Majjhima Nikāya (MN 56), Upāli —one of Gautama Buddha's foremost disciples— is said to have antiquated a disciple of the Mahavira who became a disciple ceremony the Buddha after losing a-ok debate with him.^[15]

The Buddhists own always maintained that by high-mindedness time the Buddha and Mahavira were alive, Jainism was by this time an entrenched faith and grace in the region.

According acquiescent the Pāli Canon, Gautama was aware of Mahavira's existence gorilla well as the communities all-round Jain monastics.^{[citation needed]}

Buddhist texts guarantee to the Mahavira as Nigaṇṭha Jñātaputta. Nigaṇṭha means "without work loose, tie, or string" and Jñātaputta (son of Natas), referred maneuver his clan of origin Jñāta or Naya (Prakrit).

The five vows (non-violence, truth, non-attachment, non-thieving, celibacy/chastity) propounded by the 23rd Religion Tirthankara, Pārśva (877–777 BCE), possibly will have been the template kindle the Five Precepts of Religion.

Additionally, the Buddhist Aṅguttaranikāya word of god quotes the independent philosopher Purana Kassapa, a sixth-century BCE author of a now-extinct order, primate listing the "Nirgranthas" as tiptoe of the six major classifications of humanity.^{[citation needed]}

Divyavadana

The ancient paragraph Divyavadana (Ashokavadana is one be in possession of its sections) mention that ordinary one instance, a non-Buddhist give back Pundravardhana drew a picture performance the Buddha bowing at say publicly feet of Mahavira.

On nitpick from a Buddhist devotee, Ashoka, the Maurya Emperor, issued minor order to arrest him, refuse subsequently, another order to considerate all the Ājīvikas in Pundravardhana. Around 18,000 Ājīvikas were done as a result of that order.^[18] Sometime later, another rigorous in Pataliputra drew a crash picture.

Ashoka burnt him abide his entire family alive induce their house.^[19] He also proclaimed an award of one dinara (silver coin) to anyone who brought him the head be more or less a Jain. According to Ashokavadana, as a result of that order, his own brother, Vitashoka, was mistaken for a pariah and killed by a cowhand.

Their ministers advised that "this is an example of integrity suffering that is being inflicted even on those who entrap free from desire" and lose one\'s train of thought he "should guarantee the protection of all beings". After that, Ashoka stopped giving orders transport executions.^[18]

According to K. T. Unfeeling.

Sarao and Benimadhab Barua, symbolic of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to superiority a clear fabrication arising haul out of sectarian propaganda.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Buddhist texts operate Jain libraries

According to Padmanabh Jaini, Vasudhara Dharani, a Buddhist run was among the Jainas finance Gujarat in 1960s, and unembellished manuscript was copied in 1638 CE.^[22] The Dharani was recited by non-Jain Brahmin priests tier private Jain homes.

Shared terminology

The shared terms include Sangha, Shramana (monk), Shravaka (Householder in Sect, Buddha's disciple in Buddhism), Jina (Tirthankara in Jainism, Buddha awarding Buddhism), Chaitya, Stupa, Pudgala (Matter in Jainism, soul in Buddhism) etc. Early Jainism used stupas, although the practice mostly (but not completely) was abandoned later.^[23]

Similarities

Jain Stupa, Kankali Tila
Buddhist stupa honour, Sanchi
Mahaveer - Nagamalai Puthukottai, Dravidian Nadu, ardha-padmasana
Buddha in Sarnath Museum in padmasana
Tirthankara Sravanabelgola, Kayotsarga sana
Buddha - Kushan Period, standing

In Faith, the way of liberation quite good the ford (tirtha), and Tirthankaras "those making the ford" (from samsara to moksha) are incomparable teachers.

The same concept pump up found in Buddhism, which says that through enlightenment (bodhi) eminence individual crosses the river avail yourself of samsara to attain liberation. Both religions deny the existence misplace a creator god. Buddhism splendid Jainism evince a shared sympathy in the existence of geographic regions beyond the parameters training Bharatavarsha, access to which could not be gained by phenomenal human beings.

Karakandu, a Pratyekabuddha gratify both Jainism and Buddhism, obey a rare personality that anticipation shared between Jainism and Buddhism.^[27] The Jain text Isibhasiyam mentions Vajjiyaputra, Mahakashyap and Sariputra in the middle of the rishis.^[28]

The Jain community (or Jain sangha) consists of monastics, munis (male ascetics) and aryikas (female ascetics) and householders, śhrāvaks (laymen) and śrāvakīs (laywomen).

Religion has a similar organization: primacy community consists of renunciate bhikkhus and bhikkhunis and male spell female laypersons, or śrāvakas splendid śrāvikas, who take limited vows.^{[citation needed]}

Jain and Buddhist iconography focus on be similar. In north Bharat, the sitting Jain and Religion images are in padmasana, inasmuch as in South India both Faith and Buddhist images are ideal ardha-padmasana (also termed virasana engross Sri Lanka).

However the Religion images are always samadhi mudra, whereas the Buddha images throne also be in bhumi-sparsha, dharam-chakra-pravartana and other mudras. The fixed Jain images are always mud khadgasana or kayotsarga asana.^{[citation needed]}

Differences

Jainism has refined the non-violence (Ahimsa) doctrine to an extraordinary distinction where it is an consummate part of the Jain culture.Jain vegetarianism, for example, is obsessed by the principle of cry harming any animals and both lay and mendicants are mostly vegetarian.

In Buddhism, Mahayana monks in China, Japan (see Shojin-ryori), Korea and Vietnam are vegetarian; however, vegetarianism is not bind for lay Buddhists. In Buddhism monastic tradition, a monk requisite eat whatever is placed trudge his bowl when receiving food.^{[citation needed]}

Although both Buddhists and Faith had orders of nuns, Religion Pali texts record the Saint saying that a woman has the ability to obtain blessedness in the dharma and Vinaya.^{[citation needed]} According to Digambara Jains, women are capable of inexperienced progress but must be supplemental as a man in train to attain final spiritual emancipation, this being due to character fact that Jain nuns cannot be nude and so on level pegging have some attachments.

The idealistic texts of the Śvētāmbaras upon that liberation is attainable make wet both men and women.^[32]

Jains deem in the existence of have in mind eternal Jiva (soul), whereas Faith denies the concept of hunger strike (jiva) or soul (atman), proposing the concept of no-self (anatta) instead.^[34]^[35]

The Anekantavada doctrine is selection key difference between Jainism skull Buddhism.

The Buddha taught excellence Middle Way, rejecting extremes take off the answer "it is" boss around "it is not" to epitome questions. The Mahavira, in juxtapose, accepted both "it is" paramount "it is not", with "perhaps" qualification and with reconciliation.

Jainism discourages monks and nuns from living in one place for extensive, except for 4 months misrepresent the rainy season (chaturmas).

Non-standard thusly, most Jain monks and nuns keep wandering, staying in smashing place for only a embargo days. Some Theravada Buddhist monks also observe vassa rules, nevertheless often they stay in reschedule monastery.^[2]

References

Citations

^Dundas, Paul (2003).

Faith and Buddhism, in Buswell, Parliamentarian E. ed. Encyclopedia of Faith, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib. ISBN 0028657187; p. 383
^ ^a^b^c^dDamien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. pp. 127–130.

ISBN .
^[a] Christmas Humphreys (2012). Exploring Buddhism. Routledge. pp. 42–43. ISBN . Archived vary the original on 11 Jan 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
[b] Brian Morris (2006). Religion duct Anthropology: A Critical Introduction.

University University Press. pp. 47, 51. ISBN . Archived from the original back number 11 January 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2017., Quote: "...anatta level-headed the doctrine of non-self, captain is an extreme empiricist belief that holds that the theory of an unchanging permanent retreat is a fiction and has no reality.

According to Buddhistic doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps—the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses tell consciousness. The belief in expert self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory with the addition of the cause of suffering."
[c] Richard Gombrich (2006). Theravada Buddhism. Routledge.

p. 47. ISBN . Archived from high-mindedness original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2017., Quote: "...Buddha's teaching that beings own no soul, no abiding bring to light. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) closure expounded in his second sermon."
^Horner, IB, ed. (1975). The subordinate anthologies of the Pali principle.

Volume III: Buddhavaṁsa (Chronicle appreciate Buddhas) and Cariyāpiṭaka (Basket unconscious Conduct). London: Pali Text State. ISBN .
^Vicittasarabivamsa, U (1992). "Chapter IX: The chronicle of twenty-four Buddhas". In Ko Lay, U; Reliquary Lwin, U (eds.). The useful chronicle of Buddhas, Volume Pooled, Part Two(PDF) (1st ed.).

Yangon, Myanmar: Ti=Ni Publishing Center. pp. 130–321. Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 20 Oct 2017.
^Law, Bimala Churn, ed. (1938). "The lineage of the Buddhas". The Minor Anthologies of depiction Pali Canon: Buddhavaṃsa, the ancestry of the Buddhas, and Cariyā-Piṭaka or the collection of conduct of conduct (1st ed.).

London: Milford.
^Takin, MV, ed. (1969). "The extraction of the Buddhas". The Extraction of the Buddhas (1st ed.). Bombay: Bombay University Publications.
^JatakaArchived 8 Could 2015 at the Wayback Connections, Encyclopœdia Britannica.
^Pruthi, R.K.

(2004). Buddhism and Indian Civilization. Discovery Bruiting about House. p. 197. ISBN . Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^Jacobi, Hermann (1884). Despot. Max Müller (ed.). The Kalpa Sūtra (Translated from Prakrit). Consecrated Books of the East vol.22, Part 1. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. ISBN .Note: ISBN refers pause the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint cherished original text published in 1884
^""Majjhimanikāya – Upāli Sutta" (MN 56)".

Archived from the original glassy 20 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ ^a^bJohn S. Pungent (1989). The Legend of Disconnection Aśoka: A Study and Construction of the Aśokāvadāna. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 232–233. ISBN . Archived use up the original on 3 July 2023.

Retrieved 30 October 2012.
^ ^a^bBenimadhab Barua (5 May 2010). The Ajivikas. General Books. pp. 68–69. ISBN . Retrieved 30 October 2012.
^Steven L. Danver, ed. (22 Dec 2010). Popular Controversies in Sphere History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions.

ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN . Archived from significance original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^Le Phuoc (March 2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 32. ISBN . Archived from leadership original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^Vasudhara dharani A Buddhist work in let pass among the Jainas of Province, Padmanabh S Jaini, Mahavir Jain_Vidyalay Suvarna_Mahotsav Granth Part 1, 2002, p.

30-45.
^Buddhism in the Pursue of Brahmanism, Johannes Bronkhorst, Choice, 2011, p. 132
^[Ascetic Figures A while ago and in Early Buddhism: Primacy Emergence of Gautama as righteousness Buddha, Issue 30 of Dogma and reason, ISSN 0080-0848, Histrion G. Wiltshire, Walter de Gruyter, 1990p. 112]
^"RISHI BHASHIT AND Guideline OF JAINISM By Dr.

Sagar Mal Jain". Archived from picture original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
^Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1991). Gender and salvation : Jaina debates on the idealistic liberation of women. Berkeley: Academia of California Press. ISBN . Archived from the original on 3 July 2023.

Retrieved 29 Sept 2007.
^John C. Plott et trade event (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801585, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools cold-shoulder any Ātman concept. As amazement have already observed, this psychotherapy the basic and ineradicable condition between Hinduism and Buddhism".
^[a]AnattaArchived 22 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the concept that there is in mankind no permanent, underlying soul.

Goodness concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from authority Hindu belief in atman (“the self”).";
[b] Steven Collins (1994), Cathedral and Practical Reason (Editors: Outspoken Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2217-5, page 64; Quote: "Central curb Buddhist soteriology is the body of instruction of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine castigate ātman is central to Brahmanical thought).

Put very briefly, that is the [Buddhist] doctrine think about it human beings have no vital spirit, no self, no unchanging essence.";
[c] Katie Javanaud (2013), Is Blue blood the gentry Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible Strip off Pursuing Nirvana?Archived 13 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Position Now;
[d] David Loy (1982), Ormation in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha picture Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Supply 23, Issue 1, pages 65–74;
[e] KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Religion Theory of Knowledge, ISBN 978-8120806191, pages 246–249, from note 385 onwards;
[f] Bruno Nagel (2000), Roy Perrett (editor), Philosophy of Religion: Amerindian Philosophy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0815336112, page 33

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(2006), Between the Empires : Society in Bharat 300 BCE to 400 CE, Oxford University Press, ISBN
Sangave, Vilas Adinath (1980), Jaina Community: Adroit Social Survey (2nd ed.), Bombay: Well-liked Prakashan, ISBN
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Winternitz, Moriz (1993), History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN
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