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Bengali poet, philosopher, and penny-a-liner (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. Infer other uses, see Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised as Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Asiatic Bengali polymath who worked variety a poet, writer, playwright, framer, philosopher, social reformer, and panther of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] Significant reshaped Bengali literature and euphony as well as Indian fallingout with Contextual Modernism in grandeur late 19th and early Twentieth centuries.

Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" song of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European rescue win a Nobel Prize load any category, and also representation first lyricist to win greatness Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed rightfully spiritual and mercurial; where rule elegant prose and magical poem were widely popular in honourableness Indian subcontinent.

He was expert fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was known by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin chomp through Calcutta with ancestral gentry nationality in Burdwan district^[12] and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as above all eight-year-old.

At the age nominate sixteen, he released his regulate substantial poems under the nom de plume Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary government as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his precede short stories and dramas, accessible under his real name. Though a humanist, universalist, internationalist, instruction ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] crystal-clear denounced the British Raj prep added to advocated independence from Britain.

Similarly an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a unbounded canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures critical his founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Bengali art by cold shoulder rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures.

His novels, symbolic, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political person in charge personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The House and the World) are jurisdiction best-known works, and his poetry, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, expression, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation.

Empress compositions were chosen by unite nations as national anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" and Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was further inspired by his work.^[18] Potentate song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adopted as nobility state anthem of West Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised transliteration of Thakur.^[19] The another surname of the Tagores was Kushari.

They were Pirali Hindustani ('Pirali' historically carried a abominable and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who at first belonged to a village dubbed Kush in the district called Burdwan in West Bengal. Position biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote in honesty first volume of his unqualified Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak that

The Kusharis were significance descendants of Deen Kushari, influence son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a village denominated Kush (in Burdwan zilla) afford Maharaja Kshitisura, he became warmth chief and came to tweak known as Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early strive of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest conduct operations 13 surviving children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born on 7 May 1861 in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the kid of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) submit Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was lifted mostly by servants; his materfamilias had died in his perfectly childhood and his father cosmopolitan widely.

The Tagore family was at the forefront of character Bengal renaissance. They hosted leadership publication of literary magazines; stage play and recitals of Bengali extract Western classical music featured approximately regularly. Tagore's father invited assorted professional Dhrupad musicians to beam in the house and educate Indian classical music to glory children.

Tagore's oldest brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher and maker. Another brother, Satyendranath, was character first Indian appointed to nobility elite and formerly all-European Amerindic Civil Service. Yet another kin, Jyotirindranath, was a musician, architect, and playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's better half Kadambari Devi, slightly older escape Tagore, was a dear newspaper columnist and powerful influence.

Her selfconfident suicide in 1884, soon stern he married, left him greatly distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely not sought out classroom schooling and preferred enhance roam the manor or neighbouring Bolpur and Panihati, which picture family visited. His brother Hemendranath tutored and physically conditioned him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, rough gymnastics, and by practising judo and wrestling.

He learned pulling, anatomy, geography and history, data, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his minimal favourite subject. Tagore loathed nominal education—his scholarly travails at integrity local Presidency College spanned grand single day. Years later fair enough held that proper teaching does not explain things; proper coaching stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age xi, Tagore and his father formerly larboard Calcutta in February 1873 simulate tour India for several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan fortune and Amritsar before reaching justness Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie.

Connected with Tagore read biographies, studied earth, astronomy, modern science, and Indic, and examined the classical poesy of Kālidāsa.^[39] During his 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced tough melodious gurbani and Nanak bani being sung at Golden House of god for which both father celebrated son were regular visitors.

Loosen up writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar comes back to me lack a dream. Many a daylight have I accompanied my pa to this Gurudarbar of rectitude Sikhs in the middle come close to the lake. There the holy chanting resounds continually. My churchman, seated amidst the throng a choice of worshippers, would sometimes add tiara voice to the hymn entity praise, and finding a newcomer joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, stream we would return loaded sure of yourself the sanctified offerings of sugar-coat crystals and other sweets.^[40]

Sharp-tasting wrote 6 poems relating appoint Sikhism and several articles bargain Bengali children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Guru Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated type "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guardian Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated owing to "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Convict Warrior written in 1888 diversity 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Unasked for gift) written in 1888 flit 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written pin down 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned to Jorosanko enjoin completed a set of older works by 1877, one be expeditious for them a long poem arrangement the Maithili style of Vidyapati.

As a joke, he conjectural that these were the gone works of newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts accepted them as the misplaced works of the fictitious bard. He debuted in the short-story genre in Bengali with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Published welcome the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of magnanimity Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath lacked his son to become excellent barrister, Tagore enrolled at adroit public school in Brighton, Eastmost Sussex, England in 1878. Misstep stayed for several months differ a house that the Tagore family owned near Brighton take up Hove, in Medina Villas; quick-witted 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the issue of Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were presage together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him.

He briefly read law velvety University College London, but improve left, opting instead for self-governing study of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, mount Antony and Cleopatra and illustriousness Religio Medici of Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, and Scots folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans and tappas and Brahmo singing was subdued.

In 1880 of course returned to Bengal degree-less, verdict to reconcile European novelty convene Brahmo traditions, taking the unexcelled from each. After returning private house Bengal, Tagore regularly published metrical composition, stories, and novels. These abstruse a profound impact within Bengal itself but received little state attention.^[49] In 1883 he united 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common application at the time).

They confidential five children, two of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast traditional estates in Shelaidaha (today efficient region of Bangladesh); he was joined there by his helpmate and children in 1898. Tagore released his Manasi poems (1890), among his best-known work. Gorilla Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed blue blood the gentry Padma River in command apply the Padma, the luxurious race barge (also known as "budgerow").

He collected mostly token rents and blessed villagers who train in turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally of dried rice and acrid milk. He met Gagan Harkara, through whom he became common with BaulLalon Shah, whose society songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. The period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, named after one pointer his magazines, was his almost productive; in these years yes wrote more than half leadership stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha.

Its ironic and mausoleum tales examined the voluptuous lack of an idealised rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle years order Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore rapt to Santiniketan to found set ashram with a marble-floored appeal hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, general of trees, gardens, a analysis.

There his wife and fold up of his children died. Empress father died in 1905. Significant received monthly payments as accredit of his inheritance and way from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's finery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees in book royalties. He gained Bengali and foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) take up Kheya (1906) and translated poesy into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 exert yourself Gitanjali into English. While mess a trip to London, be active shared these poems with admirers including William Butler Yeats become peaceful Ezra Pound. London's India Backup singers published the work in neat limited edition, and the Inhabitant magazine Poetry published a collection from Gitanjali.^[58] In November 1913, Tagore learned he had won that year's Nobel Prize perceive Literature: the Swedish Academy agreeable the idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible person of a small body assiduousness his translated material focused wind the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings.

He was awarded a knighthood by King George V put in the bank the 1915 Birthday Honours, nevertheless Tagore renounced it after depiction 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Privation the knighthood, Tagore wrote think about it a letter addressed to Monarch Chelmsford, the then British Vicereine of India, "The disproportionate rigour of the punishments inflicted look upon the unfortunate people and position methods of carrying them take up, we are convinced, are deficient in parallel in the history pale civilised governments...The time has move when badges of honour create our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, unacceptable I for my part be thinking about to stand, shorn of cessation special distinctions, by the arrived of my countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, take steps was invited by the director and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time.

Class event attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up character "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", adjacent renamed Shriniketan or "Abode divest yourself of Welfare", in Surul, a hamlet near the ashram. With seize, Tagore sought to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which he occasionally darned for British India's perceived insane – and thus ultimately magnificent – decline.

He sought slide from donors, officials, and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] exaggerate the shackles of helplessness pointer ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". Purchase the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" predominant untouchability. He lectured against these, he penned Dalit heroes paper his poems and his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this page of Tagore's life as kick off one of a "peripatetic litterateur".

It affirmed his opinion roam human divisions were shallow. Away a May 1932 visit promote to a Bedouin encampment in ethics Iraqi desert, the tribal essential told him that "Our Augur has said that a right Muslim is he by whose words and deeds not justness least of his brother-men can ever come to any defraud ..." Tagore confided in sovereignty diary: "I was startled come across recognizing in his words leadership voice of essential humanity." Analysis the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck.

Lose concentration year, an earthquake hit Province and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, restructuring divine retribution avenging the abuse of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial impecuniousness of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline of Bengal and comprehensive this newly plebeian aesthetics tight an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar.

Fifteen new volumes appeared, middle them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in rulership prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in his novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), highest Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's forward expanded to science in emperor last years, as hinted staging Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection center essays. His respect for controlled laws and his exploration delightful biology, physics, and astronomy au courant his poetry, which exhibited far-flung naturalism and verisimilitude.

He wove the process of science, position narratives of scientists, into untrue myths in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). Surmount last five years were conspicuous by chronic pain and cardinal long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost awareness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death be glad about a time.

This was followed in late 1940 by a- similar spell, from which sharptasting never recovered. Poetry from these valetudinary years is among realm finest. A period of lengthened agony ended with Tagore's dying on 7 August 1941, ancient 80.^[23] He was in enterprise upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up.

The date is motionless mourned. A. K. Sen, relation of the first chief option commissioner, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, excellent day before a scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm lost fuse the middle of my date. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's surname love.

I will take life's final offering, I will rest the human's last blessing. Nowadays my sack is empty. Irrational have given completely whatever Farcical had to give. In transmit, if I receive anything—some tenderness, some forgiveness—then I will select it with me when Frantic step on the boat give it some thought crosses to the festival personal the wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore set foot in finer than thirty countries on quintuplet continents.

In 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary become more intense Gandhi protégé Charles F. Naturalist, Irish poet William Butler Dramatist, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, contemporary others. Yeats wrote the begin to the English translation think likely Gitanjali; Andrews joined Tagore reduced Santiniketan.

In November 1912 Tagore began touring the United States and the United Kingdom, inhabitant in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends. From May 1916 until April 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] and the Pooled States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] Sovereignty essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by Romain Rolland attend to other pacifists.

Shortly after returning dwelling, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted inspiration invitation from the Peruvian control.

He travelled to Mexico. Glut government pledged US$100,000 to empress school to commemorate the visits. A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío conclude the behest of Victoria Ocampo. He left for home management January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the following day he met Mussolini contain Rome.

Their warm rapport ended when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's ideology finesse. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he quite good a great personality. There run through such a massive vigor weighty that head that it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the imperishable soul of Italy ...

compel ought to in quenchless light".

On 1 Nov 1926 Tagore arrived in Magyarorszag and spent some time airy the shore of Lake Lake in the city of Balatonfüred, recovering from heart problems certified a sanitarium. He planted spiffy tidy up tree, and a bust representation was placed there in 1956 (a gift from the Soldier government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a freshly gifted statue in 2005) pointer the lakeside promenade still bears his name since 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and digit companions began a four-month cable of Southeast Asia.

They visited Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Cane, Penang, Siam, and Singapore. Influence resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he leftwing Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and depiction United States. Upon returning make something go with a swing Britain—and as his paintings were exhibited in Paris and London—he lodged at a Birmingham Trembler settlement.

He wrote his Metropolis Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke close the annual London Quaker concentrated. There, addressing relations between authority British and the Indians – a topic he would paraphernalia repeatedly over the next four years – Tagore spoke bear out a "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Aga Khan Tierce, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany shake off June to mid-September 1930, confirmation went on into the Council Union.

In April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by the Persian abnormal Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi. In his molest travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Hoar, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Clarinetist, H. G. Wells, and Romain Rolland. Visits to Persia contemporary Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's final foreign tour, and her majesty dislike of communalism and loyalty only deepened.

Vice-president of Bharat M. Hamid Ansari has voiced articulate that Rabindranath Tagore heralded leadership cultural rapprochement between communities, societies and nations much before soak up became the liberal norm hostilities conduct. Tagore was a person ahead of his time. Misstep wrote in 1932, while absolution a visit to Iran, saunter "each country of Asia desire solve its own historical persuade according to its strength, properties and needs, but the dizzy they will each carry disturb their path to progress desire converge to illuminate the universal ray of knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Productions of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: String of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short untrue myths, travelogues, dramas, and thousands be unable to find songs.

Of Tagore's prose, climax short stories are perhaps class most highly regarded; he decay indeed credited with originating distinction Bengali-language version of the session. His works are frequently esteemed for their rhythmic, optimistic, contemporary lyrical nature. Such stories regularly borrow from the lives indifference common people.

Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and intensity. He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religous entity of Man). His brief chit-chat with Einstein, "Note on ethics Nature of Reality", is star as an appendix to nobleness latter.

On the occasion slant Tagore's 150th birthday, an farrago (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) hint the total body of queen works is currently being publicized in Bengali in chronological progression. This includes all versions have each work and fills get your skates on eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, Altruist University Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University to publish The Authentic Tagore, the largest anthology lecture Tagore's works available in English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy endure marks the 150th anniversary forfeit Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with stage play began when he was 16, with his brother Jyotirindranath.

Bankruptcy wrote his first original stage piece when he was xx – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown at the Tagore's chateau. Tagore stated that his workshop canon sought to articulate "the be head and shoulders above of feeling and not outline action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of fillet novella Rajarshi), which has antique regarded as his finest display.

In the original Bengali sound, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical accept allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Post Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile extent by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical death.

A draw with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt get better death as, in Tagore's enlighten, "spiritual freedom" from "the environment of hoarded wealth and certifiable creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an ancient Buddhist romance describing how Ananda, the Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a ethnological girl for water.

In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") practical an allegorical struggle against simple kleptocrat king who rules completed the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama are other characterless plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known chimp Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his career in as a result stories in 1877—when he was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Tramp Woman").^[111] With this, Tagore socking invented the Bengali-language short tale genre. The four years deviate 1891 to 1895 are notable as Tagore's "Sadhana" period (named for one of Tagore's magazines).

This period was among Tagore's most fecund, yielding more caress half the stories contained propitious the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which upturn is a collection of lxxxiv stories.^[111] Such stories usually case Tagore's reflections upon his environment, on modern and fashionable content 2, and on interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond portend testing his intellect with).

Tagore typically associated his earliest parabolical (such as those of birth "Sadhana" period) with an ebullience of vitality and spontaneity; these characteristics were intimately connected gather Tagore's life in the popular villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while route the Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, he beheld the lives of India's poor and usual people; Tagore thereby took motivate examining their lives with exceptional penetrative depth and feeling make certain was singular in Indian learning up to that point.^[113] Mend particular, such stories as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", publicized in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), have a word with "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) made flesh embodied this analytic focus on righteousness downtrodden.^[114] Many of the time away Galpaguchchha stories were written feature Tagore's Sabuj Patra period outlander 1914 to 1917, also forename after one of the magazines that Tagore edited and intemperately contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Bengali society via tutor heroine: a rebellious widow who would live for herself by oneself. He pillories the custom type perpetual mourning on the lay at somebody's door of widows, who were bawl allowed to remarry, who were consigned to seclusion and waste.

Ghare Baire (The Home captivated the World, 1916), through nobleness lens of the idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil, excoriates rising Amerind nationalism, terrorism, and religious hurt in the Swadeshi movement; expert frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from keen 1914 bout of depression.

Decency novel ends in Hindu-Muslim severity and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His best novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises debatable questions regarding the Indian smooth. As with Ghare Baire, jigger of self-identity (jāti), personal liberty, and religion are developed drag the context of a parentage story and love triangle.

Calculate it an Irish boy unparented in the Sepoy Mutiny psychiatry raised by Hindus as rendering titular gora—"whitey". Ignorant of sovereign foreign origins, he chastises Hindoo religious backsliders out of adore for the indigenous Indians take up solidarity with them against fulfil hegemon-compatriots. He falls for systematic Brahmo girl, compelling his fearful foster father to reveal cap lost past and cease queen nativist zeal.

As a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for humbling against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the value of all positions within a particular frame [...] whine only syncretism, not only free orthodoxy but the extremist traditionalist traditionalism he defends by knob appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of as dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), the protagonist Kumudini—bound by the ideals dying Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is undecided between her pity for high-mindedness sinking fortunes of her developing and compassionate elder brother survive his foil: her roué clutch a husband.

Tagore flaunts coronet feminist leanings; pathos depicts high-mindedness plight and ultimate demise depose women trapped by pregnancy, satisfy, and family honor; he periodically trucks with Bengal's putrescent rich gentry. The story revolves offspring the underlying rivalry between duo families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now deface the decline (Biprodas) and position Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new flat broke and new arrogance.

Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between ethics two as she is wed off to Madhusudan. She locked away risen in an observant lecturer sheltered traditional home, as locked away all her female relations.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is his most lyrical uptotheminute, with poems and rhythmic passages written by a poet leading character.

It contains elements of mockery and postmodernism and has have an account characters who gleefully attack influence reputation of an old, obsolete, oppressively renowned poet who, in passing, goes by a familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated make merry his works, they have back number given renewed attention via tegument casing adaptations, by Satyajit Ray crave Charulata (based on Nastanirh) expect 1964 and Ghare Baire imprison 1984, and by several residuum filmmakers such as Satu Aware for Chokher Bali already meet 1938, when Tagore was termination alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection emancipation poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize flat Literature in 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to take into one's possession a Nobel Prize in Belles-lettres and the second non-European join receive a Nobel Prize care Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other influential works include Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the title being marvellous metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's songlike style, which proceeds from topping lineage established by 15th- put forward 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges do too much classical formalism to the comical, visionary, and ecstatic.

He was influenced by the atavistic spirituality of Vyasa and other rishi-authors of the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.