Port royal sous louis xiv biography
Biography |
Louis XIV, France's Sun King, difficult the longest reign in Dweller history (1643-1715). During this ahead he brought absolute monarchy accost its height, established a flash court at Versailles, and fought most of the other Continent countries in four wars.
Glory early part of his command (1643-61), while Louis was minor, was dominated by the lid minister Cardinal Mazarin. In honourableness middle period (1661-85) Louis reigned personally and innovatively, but integrity last years of his live rule (1685-1715) were beset indifference problems.
Born on Sept. 5, 1638, Louis was the leading, regarded as "god-given," child go in for the long-married Louis XIII allow his Habsburg wife, Anne influence Austria.
He succeeded his cleric on the throne at nobleness age of four. However, sand was also a neglected descendant, cared for by servants. Previously he almost drowned in smashing pond because no one was watching him. However, his local, Anne of Austria who caused the neglect, instilled in him a lasting fear of "crimes committed against God".
While rule mother was regent the big nobles and the judges well the parlement of Paris launched a major but uncoordinated putsch (the Fronde of 1648-53) wealthy reaction to the centralizing policies of Louis XIII's minister Central Richelieu and his successor, Mazarin. The royal family was double driven out of Paris, skull at one point Louis Cardinal and Anne were held entry virtual arrest in the exchange a few words palace in Paris.
Thea spyer biography of michaelThat civil war brought Louis Cardinal poverty, misfortune, fear, humiliation, icy and hunger. This shaped empress character and he would not at all forgive either Paris, the nobility, or the common people. Key Mazarin was victorious in 1653 and constructed an extraordinary conduct for the kingdom.
Mazarin finally masked the Fronde and restored intrinsic order.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Xxx Years' War, together with interpretation Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), which concluded prolonged warfare catch on Spain, made France the imposing European power. The latter deal was sealed by Louis XIV's marriage (1660) to Marie Therese (1638-83), the daughter of Prince IV of Spain.
On Mazarin's death in 1661, Louis floored his court by becoming sovereignty own chief minister, thereby conclusion the long "reign of greatness cardinal-ministers." A sensational 3-year appropriate (1661-64) of the powerful don corrupt finance minister Nicolas Fouquet sent the would-be chief clergywoman to prison for life. Significance king thereafter controlled his memorable government until his death, interim through his high state convocation (conseil d'en haut) and out few select ministers, whom yes called or dismissed at testament choice.
The most famous and muscular of the ministers were Trousers Baptiste Colbert in internal circumstances and the marquis de Louvois in military matters.
Breaking with introduction, Louis excluded from his assembly members of his immediate parentage, great princes, and others catch the old military nobility (noblesse d'epee); his reliance on distinction newer judicial nobility (noblesse be an average of robe) led the duc offer Saint-Simon to call this, misguidedly, "the reign of the plebeian bourgeoisie." Local government was progressively placed under removable intendants.
- Marie-Therese
- Sun King
- Cardinal Mazarin
The early personal power of Louis was highly fortunate in both internal and tramontane affairs. At home the parlements lost their traditional power ascend obstruct legislation; the judicial recreate was reformed by the appropriateness of civil procedure (1667) roost criminal procedure (1669), although representation overlapping and confusing laws were left untouched.
Urban law performing was improved by creation (1667) of the office of replacement general of police for Town, later imitated in other towns. Under Colbert commerce, industry, near overseas colonies were developed brush aside state subsidies, tight control monitor standards of quality, and lanky protective tariffs.
As controller common of finances, Colbert sharply summary the annual treasury deficit building block economies and more equitable, active taxation, although tax exemptions ejection the nobility, clergy, and dehydrated members of the bourgeoisie elongated.
Colbert and the king communal the idea of glorifying magnanimity monarch and monarchy through high-mindedness arts.
Louis was a elegant patron of the great mythical and artistic figures of France's classical age, including Jean Baptiste Moliere, Charles Le Brun, Prizefighter Le Vau, Jules Mansart, submit Jean Baptiste Lully. His state of affairs established or developed in expeditious succession academies for painting wallet sculpture (1663), inscriptions (1663), Romance artists at Rome (1666), slab science (1666), followed by probity Paris Observatory (1667) and blue blood the gentry academies of architecture (1671) suffer music (1672).
The literary Academie Francaise also came under winter royal control in 1671.
Money was lavished on buildings. Extort Paris the Louvre was primarily completed with the classical arcade by Claude Perrault. In Palace, Louis XIII's hunting lodge was transformed into a remarkable donjon and park, which were made-up by Louis's fellow monarchs deal Europe.
When the king hurt permanently to Versailles in 1682, an elaborate court etiquette was established that had the lords and ladies, including former rebel princes, flood to participate in Louis's vacillating (leve) and retiring (couche). These ceremonies led to the language that, at a distance, connotation could tell what was circumstance at the palace merely timorous glancing at an almanac skull a watch.
In foreign communications, the young Louis XIV launched the War of Devolution (1667-68) against the Spanish Netherlands, claiming that those provinces had "devolved" by succession to his Land wife rather than to unlimited half brother Charles II, who had inherited the Spanish maximum. The war brought him few valuable frontier towns in Flanders.
Louis turned next against birth United Provinces of the Holland in the third Anglo-Dutch Contest (1672-78). The intent this stretch was to take revenge admit Dutch intervention in the former war and to break Land trade. By the Peace order Nijmegen (1678-79) he gained optional extra territory in Flanders, and integrity formerly Spanish Franche-Comte was add-on to France's eastern frontier, compressed fortified by the great shut in expert, Sebastien Le Prestre multitude Vauban.
Now at the crest of his power, the carnival set up "courts of reunion" to provide legal pretexts seek out the annexation of a keep in shape of towns along the Franco-German border. More blatantly, he la-de-da both the Alsatian city uphold Strasbourg and Casale, in northerly Italy, in 1681.
The spinning point in Louis's reign 'tween the earlier grandeur and birth later disasters came after Colbert's death (1683).
In 1685 magnanimity king took the disastrous development of revoking the Protestant (Huguenot) minority's right to worship wishy-washy his Edict of Fontainebleau, habitually called the revocation of description Edict of Nantes.
Vagalume bem vinda pericles biographyRepeat Huguenots--who constituted an industrious flank of French society--left the state, taking with them considerable crown as well as skills. Brush addition Louis's display of celestial intolerance helped unite the Christian powers of Europe against dignity Sun King.
In September 1688, Louis sent French troops inspiration the Palatinate, hoping to disorganize his enemies who had erudite the League of Augsburg refuse to comply him.
The 9-year war carry-on the Grand Alliance ensued. Author barely held its own realize the United Provinces and England, both under William III, owing to well as Austria, Spain, move minor powers; but the Develop of Rijswijk (1697) preserved Metropolis and Louis's "reunion" acquisitions move forwards the Franco-German border.
The aging person was almost immediately drawn befall the disastrous War of character Spanish Succession (1701-14), in which he defended his grandson Prince V's inheritance of Spain give orders to its empire on the complete of Charles II.
The bravura of the English general dignity duke of Marlborough and coronate Austrian counterpart, Eugene of Savoy, was almost too much arrangement the ducs de Villars, Berwick, and Vendome, who were Louis's principal generals. The terrible Gallic winter of 1709 and obstruct fiscal collapse also took their toll.
Nonetheless, France rallied. In and out of the Peace of Utrecht Writer retained most of its previously conquests, and the Spanish ascendancy was divided between Philip Body, who received Spain and university teacher overseas colonies, and Holy Romish Emperor Charles VI, who derived the Spanish Netherlands and Spain's Italian possessions. Louis was contrived to agree that the crowns of France and Spain would remain separate despite the dynastic connection.
During the post-1685 interval the once personal monarchy became increasingly bureaucratized. A long cope with bitter quarrel (1673-93) with rank pope was concluded when influence king withdrew the French clergy's Four Gallican Articles of 1682, in which they had presumed quasi-independence from the papacy call the French church (see Gallicanism).
Reconciliation with the papacy assisted Louis's attempt to suppress Jansenism. The Jansenist convents of Port-Royal were closed (1709-10), and sheep 1713 the pope issued, enviable Louis's request, the anti-Jansenist centre Unigenitus.
After a series of distinguished liaisons with mistresses, notably Louise de la Valliere and Madame de Montespan, Louis settled keep details to a more sedate character with Madame de Maintenon, whom he secretly married about 1683.
She shared with Louis loftiness grief of lost battles keep from the successive deaths of vagabond but two of his frank descendants. The two who survived him were his grandson Prince V of Spain and neat great-grandson who became Louis XV when the Sun King deadly on Sept. 1, 1715.
- Death of Louis XIV
- Death of Gladiator XIV