Cardinal scipione borghese biography of mahatma gandhi

Italian Cardinal, art collector don patron of the arts

Not relate to be confused with Scipione Borghese (prince), the adventurer and politician.

Scipione Borghese (Italian pronunciation:[ʃiˈpjoːneborˈɡeːze;-eːse]; 1 Sept 1577^[1] – 2 October 1633) was an Italian cardinal, axis collector and patron of integrity arts.

A member of picture Borghese family, he was loftiness patron of the painter Caravaggio and the artist Bernini. Rule legacy is the establishment an assortment of the art collection at primacy Villa Borghese in Rome.

Biography

Early life and cardinalship

He was citizen in Artena with name Scipione Caffarelli, the son of Francesco Caffarelli and Ortensia Borghese.

Being his father ran into monetary difficulties, Scipione's education was force to for by his maternal chunk Camillo Borghese. Upon Camillo's choice to the papacy as Saint Paul V^[2] in 1605, sand quickly conferred a cardinalship in relation to Scipione and gave him illustriousness right to use the Borghese name and coat of warfare.

In the classic pattern tinge papal nepotism, Cardinal Borghese wielded enormous power as the Pope's secretary and effective head ad infinitum the Vatican government. On her majesty own and the Pope's advantage he amassed an enormous risk through papal fees and duty, and acquired vast land funds for the Borghese family.

Cardinal

Scipione received many honours from jurisdiction uncle. He became superintendent usual of the Papal States, emissary in Avignon, archpriest of rank Lateran and Vatican basilicas, monitor of the Signature of Tarnish, Abbot of Subiaco and San Gregorio da Sassola on high-mindedness Coelian, and librarian of influence Roman Catholic Church.

He along with assumed the offices of Illustrious Penitentiary, secretary of the Pontifical Briefs, Archbishop of Bologna, guardian of Germany and the Hapsburg Netherlands, of the Orders slant Dominicans, Camaldolese and Olivetans, illustrate the Shrine of Loreto prep added to of the Swiss Guard, captain numerous other ecclesiastical positions.

Production each of these offices nobleness cardinal received stipends. His wealth in 1609 was about 90,000 scudi, and by 1612 skilful had reached 140,000 scudi. Support his enormous wealth, he grasping the villages of Montefortino allow Olevano Romano from Pier Francesco Colonna, Duke of Zagarolo usher 280,000 scudi.^{[citation needed]}

As Cardinal Nephew (an official post until dinner suit was abolished in 1692), Borghese was placed in charge ensnare both the internal and extraneous political affairs of the Prelatic States.

In addition, Paul Utterly entrusted his nephew with magnanimity management of the finances be paid both the papacy and position Borghese family.

Borghese aroused a-okay great deal of controversy good turn resentment by utilizing numerous "gifts" from the papal government assessment fund Borghese family investments.

Title rental properties as the ascendant efficient means to ensure cash stability, he purchased entire towns and other extensive properties, with approximately one-third of the patch south of Rome.^{[citation needed]} Exploiting his authority as Cardinal Nephew, he often compelled owners be acquainted with sell their holdings to him at substantial discounts.

Borghese fashion ensured that the fortunes most recent the family were not forever dependent on ecclesiastical office.

Cardinal Scipione Borghese died in Riot in 1633 and is in the grave in the Borghese chapel simple Santa Maria Maggiore.

Private life

Contemporaries commented on the near-public scandals that resulted on occasions superior Scipione's possible homosexuality, reflected enclose his taste for collecting aim with strong homoerotic overtones.

Be sold for 1605, Scipione allegedly angered culminate uncle the pope by transportation Stefano Pignatelli, to whom Scipione was closely attached, to Rome.^[3]

According to the later writer Gaetano Moroni, Scipione:^{[citation needed]}

...mindful for Stefano's affection, invited him to Roma and admitted him to tiara court, where Stefano acquired much an ascendancy over the vital that he did everything according to his advice.

It was enough for envy and envy among courtiers to utter vindictive and venomous calumnies against him, which prompted cardinals and ambassadors to report to the vicar of christ that Stefano was full precision loathsome vices, and that be attracted to his nephew's honour, it was necessary to banish him entirely.

Scipione subsequently fell into a stretched and serious sickness, and lone recovered when Pignatelli was legal to come.

The pope persuaded to keep a check opus Pignatelli and had him compulsory, the beginning of a life which led to him beautifying a cardinal in 1621.^[4] In fact, the Italian historian Lorenzo Cardella^[5] notes that Pignatelli was seize twice by the Roman Enquiry of having "improper influence" lies Cardinal Borghese.

However, more freshly published espionage reports of Giovanni Antonio Marta speak against loftiness results of such official inquiry and substantially confirm the sapphist inclinations of Cardinal Scipione. They include a report of swell nobleman whom Scipione was articulated to love "to the theme of insanity", and for whom he was determined to hearty a cardinal's hat; as in good health as a darker episode locale a young man of cardinal was supposedly murdered in Scipione's ante-chamber by his servants puzzle out leaving the cardinal's bed.^[6]

Building projects

Development of Gardens

Borghese took special commercial in the development of honourableness extensive gardens undertaken by different artists at his Roman residences, the Palazzo Borghese on decency Quirinal (primarily 1610–16) and excellence Villa Borghese (initiated in 1613 and elaborated for the reclaim of the Cardinal's life).

Both these influential gardens featured groundbreaking elements such as waterfalls, build up they incorporated dense groves promote trees, which provided rural separation within the city.

Restoration do admin Churches

In the first half promote his career, Scipione's church chattels was associated with his commendatrial or titular duties; in prestige latter half his public backing was more wide-ranging, intervening hit out at San Crisogono,^[7]Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Santa Chiara a Casa Pia, San Gregorio Magno, as well tempt building new churches in blue blood the gentry nearby towns of Montefortino extort Monte Compatri.

During the Ludovisi papacy the major focus help Borghese's ecclesiastical patronage was evaluate commemorative projects. The first was the embellishment of the Caffarelli chapel in Santa Maria sopra Minerva (1620–23). The second was the massive timber catafalque beautiful with life-size plaster figures calculated by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, erected in Santa Maria Maggiore (1622).

Borghese's first work after incoming the Sacred College where crystal-clear studied was the building obtain decoration of the oratory chapels of St. Andrew and Frank. Sylvia beside San Gregorio Magno al Celio. For Borghese foul complete such a project alleged his devotion to the city's Christian heritage, while also symbol a gesture of respect sense the great Church reformer characteristic the previous generation.

The melioration of San Sebastiano fuori blanch mura (November 1607 – 1614), a church built under City (c. 312) housing the sterling collection of relics known bequeath the time. San Sebastiano was in addition one of rectitude Seven Pilgrim Churches of Brouhaha and its restoration was a-one key element in the pilgrimage-driven revival of the circuit.

Borghese's restoration was in effect well-ordered complete modernization: rebuilding the clue façade, adding a rear happening, and thoroughly overhauling the spirit in a modern decorative argot.

The most striking feature ingratiate yourself the restoration is the rate of Borghese's name and characters. Atop the portico's parapet say yes eagle and dragon (the Borghese symbols) statuettes; underneath is dignity façade dedication: Scipione Borghese, Extravagant Penitentiary, Cardinal and Priest practice the Holy Roman Church, 1626.

His coat of arms hostage the major panels of honourableness ceiling's long axis is cavalier not as normal in excucheons, but directly in the context, the keystone of the stage arch at the end detailed the nave; underneath an style appellation at the base of high-mindedness baldachin dome there is on inscription.

As Cardinal, Borghese took seriously his responsibility to bestow to the care and embellishment of the churches under sovereign supervision.

Particularly after the defile of his uncle, he seems to have utilized the border of church buildings to give your approval to concern for the well-being go together with the faithful. The reconstruction reinforce San Crisogono, Rome (1618–28) was probably the most costly effort of redecoration undertaken in band church in the city near the early seventeenth century.

Wealth apple of one`s e covers the ceiling and diverse other surfaces.

Such public undertakings helped Borghese rehabilitate his reliable, though he never regained reward political influence.

Art collector

Main article: Borghese collection

Borghese used the immeasurable wealth that he acquired orangutan Cardinal Nephew to assemble separate of the largest and nigh impressive art collections in Accumulation.

The Borghese Collection began acidity a collection of paintings stomach-turning Caravaggio, Raphael, and Titian, be first of ancient Roman art.

Scipione also bought widely outlander leading painters and sculptors cherished his day. Even though next generations dispersed some of coronate acquisitions through sales and skilful gifts, the works that put your feet up assembled form the core admire the holdings of the Galleria Borghese, a museum housed unplanned the villa commissioned by Scipione (1613–15) from the architect Giovanni Vasanzio.

Additional holdings were avowed at the Villa Mondragone. Queen collection was poetically described trade in early as 1613 by Scipione Francucci.

The Satyr and Percoidean (Roman marble copy of absent Greek bronze, 4th century BCE) typifies the elegant and bodily depictions of young male canvass that were prominently featured entail Borghese's collection.

One of authority most prized works was justness Hermaphrodite (Roman copy after Hellenic original of 2nd century BCE). From the young sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Scipione commissioned import 1620 a realistically rendered mattress on which to lay that sensuous nude figure. Borghese evaluation reported to have kept that statue in a specially obligated wooden cupboard, which he would open with a theatrical thrive to the amusement of coronet close friends.

However, this fashion was given in the anciently 19th century to Napoleon on top of Camillo Borghese's marriage to Saint Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon, streak is now in the Museum. The Borghese collection today contains another 2nd-century copy that was found.

Pope Paul V amenably assisted his nephew's efforts unexpected obtain the art works put off aroused his interest.

In 1607, the Pope gave the Imperative a collection of 107 paintings which had been confiscated punishment the painter Cavalier D'Arpino afterward the artist did not recompense a tax bill.^[8] In magnanimity following year, Raphael's Deposition was secretly removed from the Baglioni Chapel in the church influence San Francesco in Perugia folk tale transported to Rome to acceptably given to Scipione through graceful papal motu proprio.

The Borgheses were forced to provide Perugia with two excellent copies make acquainted the painting to avoid confutation with the angered city apt violent, but the original corpse in the Borghese collection.

Caravaggio

Among the pictures that Borghese plagiaristic through the 1607 seizure strip Cavaliere d'Arpino were two indicate early works by Caravaggio (both 1593, still in Galleria Borghese): a probable self-portrait, usually styled Sick Bacchus, and Boy outstrip a Basket of Fruit, be over overtly homoerotic image of graceful youth extending a large curtail of fruit seductively toward glory viewer.^{[citation needed]}

Borghese also greatly cherished Caravaggio's naturalistic and psychologically mix up later religious paintings, such considerably the brooding Saint John goodness Baptist (1605/6), which the gatherer acquired from the artist's manor shortly after his death, take the intense David with say publicly Head of Goliath (1609/10), which represents the Biblical hero open outwards a severed head join the features of the person in charge

Borghese appropriated Caravaggio's Madonna take Child with St.

Anne, straight large altarpiece commissioned in 1605 for a chapel in rank Basilica of Saint Peter's, on the other hand rejected by the College lecture Cardinals because of its telluric realism and unconventional iconography. Latest archival research has established turn this way Borghese intended from the ill-timed stages of the commission make certain the altarpiece would end mark in his own collection.

Patronage of Bernini

Borghese's early patronage ferryboat artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini aided to establish him as class leading Italian sculptor and author of the seventeenth century. In the middle of 1618 and 1623, Bernini high-sounding primarily for the Cardinal, creating innovative pieces that would develop early touchstones of the Baroqueness style.

For the decoration light the Villa Borghese, Bernini fly at a life-sized figure of Painter (1623) and three sculptural bands with mythological themes.

The final work in this series consider it Bernini created for Borghese, Apollo and Daphne (1623–1625), represents young adult incident popular in Italian verse rhyme or reason l of the early seventeenth 100, and ultimately derived from magnanimity Metamorphoses by the ancient Influential poet Ovid.

Bernini depicts Phoebus reaching out toward the efflux nymph Daphne just as she is transformed into a ornamentation tree by her father cloudless order to prevent her deviate being burned by the temporarily of the god of primacy sun. Understood within its contemporary intellectual context, this group represents frustrated desire and enduring dejection and pain, provoked by fondness.

These meanings may have challenging special resonance for Borghese, who, at the time, was in foreign lands ridiculed for his attraction engender a feeling of other men. The specific introduction depicted by Bernini also was thought in the early ordinal century to signify the union of genders, more explicitly portrayed in the Hermaphrodite also sediment the Cardinal's collection.

In 1632 Bernini executed two marble side view busts of Borghese (both access Rome's Galleria Borghese). These scrunch up capture the exuberance that excellence Cardinal's friends admired and which his critics decried as frivolousness inappropriate to his office.

Collection

Although he is most associated meet the development of the Busy, he also eagerly collected scrunch up of many artists of comprehensively different styles.

Borghese's collection includes works as diverse as Exactly Renaissance altarpieces such as Fra Angelico's Last Judgment (ca 1450); examples of northern art specified as two paintings of Urania (early 16th century) by Filmmaker Cranach; sixteenth-century Venetian paintings specified as Titian's Sacred and Irreligious Love (1514); and classicizing movies such as Domenichino's Diana (1616/7).

The Cardinal even owned well-ordered very uncharacteristic work by Carver, a depiction of Cupid put in the picture called "The Manhattan Marble".

References