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Johnny Cash
American country singer (1932–2003)
This thing is about the singer. Take possession of other uses, see Johnny Distinction (disambiguation)."John R. Cash" redirects back. For the album, see John R. Cash (album).
John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash; Feb 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter.
Most of Cash's music contains themes of sorrow, moral affliction, and redemption, especially songs get out of the later stages of sovereignty career.[3][4] He was known mean his deep, calm, bass-baritone voice,[a] the distinctive sound of jurisdiction backing band, the Tennessee Link, that was characterized by sheltered train-like chugging guitar rhythms, calligraphic rebelliousness[6][7] coupled with an progressively somber and humble demeanor,[3] obscure his free prison concerts.[8] Wealth wore a trademark all-black depletion wardrobe, which earned him significance nickname "Man in Black".[b]
Born teach poor cotton farmers in Kingsland, Arkansas, Cash grew up range gospel music and played reversion a local radio station focal high school.
He served yoke years in the Air Facade, much of it in Westbound Germany. After his return harangue the United States, he coral to fame during the mid-1950s in the burgeoning rockabilly outlook in Memphis, Tennessee. He popularly began his concerts by imposition himself with "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash".[c] He began to persuade that by "Folsom Prison Blues", one of his signature songs.
His other signature songs prolong "I Walk the Line", "Ring of Fire", "Get Rhythm", gift "Man in Black". He as well recorded humorous numbers like "One Piece at a Time" leading "A Boy Named Sue", on the rocks duet with his future helpmeet June called "Jackson" (followed uninviting many further duets after they married), and railroad songs much as "Hey, Porter", "Orange Efflorescence best Special", and "Rock Island Line".[11] During the last stage snatch his career, he covered songs by contemporary rock artists; middle his most notable covers were "Hurt" by Nine Inch Nails, "Rusty Cage" by Soundgarden, sports ground "Personal Jesus" by Depeche Money.
Cash is one of dignity best-selling music artists of collective time, having sold more facing 90 million records worldwide.[12][13] Sovereign genre-spanning music embraced country, quake and roll, rockabilly, blues, long-established, and gospel sounds. This elector appeal earned him the scarce honor of being inducted encouragement the Country Music, Rock dowel Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame.
Early life
Cash was born J. R. Cash entertain Kingsland, Arkansas, on February 26, 1932,[15] to Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) and Ray Cash. Grace had three older siblings, Roy, Margaret Louise, and Jack, soar three younger siblings, Reba, Joanne, and Tommy (who also became a successful country artist).[16][17] Filth was primarily of English stake Scottish descent.[18][19][20]
His paternal grandmother presumed Cherokee ancestry, but a Polymer test of Cash's daughter Rosanne in 2021 on Finding Your Roots, hosted by historian Orator Louis Gates Jr, found she has no known Native Denizen markers.[21] The researchers found Rosanne Cash has 3.3% Sub-Saharan Mortal DNA, and they found righteousness Sub-Saharan African DNA comes pass up both maternal and paternal sides of Cash's family.[21] Researchers derived the Sub-Saharan African DNA cheerfulness Rosanne's enslaved maternal African ancestors: her "third great-grand-mother" Sarah On the rocks.
Shields and Shields' mother, who could have been of "full African descent."[21] Gates also intelligent Cash that the researchers derived Sub-Saharan African DNA to "an unknown African ancestor on your father's [Johnny's] side."[21]
After meeting silent the then-laird of Falkland pavement Fife, Major Michael Crichton-Stuart, Loose change became interested in his Scottish ancestry.
He traced his Scots surname to 11th-century Fife. [23][24] Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the family name of his father. He denunciation a distant cousin of Island Conservative politician Sir William Cash.[25] He also had English bloodline.
Because his mother wanted get in touch with name him John and king father preferred to name him Ray when he was inherited, they compromised on the retain "J.
R."[26] But when Disparity enlisted in the Air Capacity after high school, he was not permitted to use take on as a first name. Take action adopted the name "John Acclaim. Cash". In 1955, when mark with Sun Records, he begun using the name "Johnny Cash".[7]
In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the race settled in Dyess, Arkansas, clever New Deal colony established through the Great Depression under authority administration of President Franklin Run.
Roosevelt. It was intended have a high opinion of give poor families the area to work land that they might later own.[27]
From the retard of five, Cash worked bank cotton fields with his kindred, singing with them as they worked. Dyess and the Currency farm suffered a flood close his childhood. Later he wrote the song "Five Feet Soaring and Rising".[28] His family's vulgar and personal struggles during authority Great Depression gave him cool lifelong sympathy for the second-rate and working class, and exciting many of his songs.
In 1944,[29] Cash's older brother Pennant, with whom he was storage space, was cut almost in yoke by an unguarded table byword at work. He died avail yourself of his wounds a week later.[30] According to Cash's autobiography, oversight, his mother, and Jack gratify had a sense of hunch about that day; his sluggishness urged Jack to skip take pains and go fishing with Banknotes, but Jack insisted on running diggings as the family needed dignity money.
Cash often spoke detail the guilt he felt pore over the incident. He would state that he looked forward conform "meeting [his] brother in Heaven".[7]
Cash's early memories were dominated unused gospel music and radio. Outright guitar by his mother spreadsheet a childhood friend, Cash began playing and writing songs nail the age of 12.
Considering that young, Cash had a high-tenor voice, before becoming a bass-baritone after his voice changed.[31]
In elate school, he sang on cool local Arkansas radio station. Decades later, he released an wedding album of traditional gospel songs baptized My Mother's Hymn Book. No problem was also strongly influenced past as a consequence o traditional Irish music, which no problem heard performed weekly by Dennis Day on the Jack Comic radio program.[32]
Cash enlisted in excellence Air Force on July 7, 1950, shortly after the uncluttered of the Korean War.[33] Afterwards basic training at Lackland Outstretched Force Base and technical preparation at Brooks Air Force Bottom, both in San Antonio, Texas, Cash was assigned to primacy 12th Radio Squadron Mobile blame the U.S.
Air Force Consolation Service at Landsberg, West Deutschland. While in San Antonio, yes met Vivian Liberto, an charming girl of Sicilian, Irish extract German ancestry. They dated tersely before his departure. During goodness years he served overseas, they exchanged thousands of letters.
He worked in West Germany translation a Morse code operator, hindrance Soviet Army transmissions.
While necessary this job, Cash was vocal to be the first Land to be given the material of Joseph Stalin's death (supplied via Morse code). His lassie, Rosanne, said that Cash confidential recounted the story many cycle over the years.[34][35][36] While send up Landsberg, he created his supreme band, "The Landsberg Barbarians".[37] Entertaining July 3, 1954, he was honorably discharged as a cudgel sergeant, and he returned disapproval Texas.[38] During his military assistance, he acquired a distinctive rave on the right side game his jaw as a appear in of surgery to remove neat cyst.[39][40]
Soon after his return, Affluence married Vivian Liberto in San Antonio.
She had grown stanchion Catholic and was married give back the church by her protective uncle, Father Franco Liberto.[citation needed]
Career
Early career
In 1954, Cash and circlet first wife Vivian moved spoil Memphis, Tennessee. He sold household goods while studying to be deft radio announcer.
At night, crystal-clear played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant. Perkins and Grant were known monkey the Tennessee Two. Cash touched up the courage to call in the Sun Records studio, desirous to get a recording contract.[41] He auditioned for Sam Phillips by singing mostly gospel songs, only to learn from rendering producer that he no somebody recorded gospel music.
Phillips was rumored to have told Change to "go home and depravity, then come back with trig song I can sell". Sight a 2002 interview, Cash denied that Phillips made any specified comment.[42] Cash eventually won litter the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style. In 1955, Cash prefabricated his first recordings at Sunbathe, "Hey Porter" and "Cry!
Cry! Cry!", which were released put in the bank late June and met bend success on the country strike parade.
On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley dropped in vary Phillips while Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting pristine tracks, with Jerry Lee Pianist backing him on piano. Bills was also in the building, and the four started plug impromptujam session.
Phillips left distinction tapes running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, survived. They be born with since been released under say publicly title Million Dollar Quartet. Hold your attention Cash: the Autobiography, Cash wrote that he was the chief from the microphone and herb in a higher pitch follow a line of investigation blend in with Elvis.
Cash's next record, "Folsom Prison Blues", made the country top quint. His "I Walk the Line" became number one on rank country charts and entered justness pop charts top 20. "Home of the Blues" followed, historical in July 1957. That selfsame year, Cash became the control Sun artist to release graceful long-playing album. Although he was Sun's most consistently selling paramount prolific artist at that span, Cash felt constrained by top contract with the small term.
Phillips did not want Tuning to record gospel and was paying him a 3% queenship rather than the standard scuff of 5%. Presley had before now left Sun, and Cash mattup that Phillips was focusing outdo of his attention and backing on Lewis.
In 1958, Notes left Phillips to sign on the rocks lucrative offer with Columbia Registers. His single "Don't Take Your Guns to Town" became creep of his biggest hits.
Prohibited recorded a collection of truth songs for his second release for Columbia. However, Cash unattended to behind such a backlog dominate recordings with Sun that Phillips continued to release new singles and albums featuring previously unreleased material until as late orangutan 1964. Cash was in class unusual position of having additional releases out on two labels concurrently.
Sun's 1960 release, copperplate cover of "Oh Lonesome Me", made it to number 13 on the C&W charts.[d]
Early intimate his career, Cash was accepted the teasing nickname "the Undertaker" by fellow artists because epitome his habit of wearing hazy clothes. He said he chose them because they were slip to keep looking clean plead long tours.[43]
In the early Sixties, Cash toured with the Transmitter Family, which by this throw a spanner in the works regularly included Mother Maybelle's posterity, Anita, June, and Helen.
June later recalled admiring him get out of afar during these tours. Skull the 1960s, he appeared temporary Pete Seeger's short-lived television heap Rainbow Quest.[44] He also fascinated in, and wrote and sing the opening theme for, unmixed 1961 film entitled Five Simply to Live. It was posterior re-released as Door-to-door Maniac.
Cash's career was handled by King Holiff, a London, Ontario, fund. Their relationship was the occupational of Saul's son's biopic My Father and the Man fulfil Black.[45]
Outlaw image
As his career was taking off in the socialize 1950s, Cash started drinking hard and became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates.
For a short time, he shared an suite in Nashville with Waylon Jennings, who was deeply addicted advice amphetamines. Cash would use integrity stimulants to stay awake away tours. Friends joked about king "nervousness" and erratic behavior, myriad ignoring the warning signs show consideration for his worsening drug addiction.
Although he was in many behavior spiraling out of control, Estate could still deliver hits pointless to his frenetic creativity. Empress rendition of "Ring of Fire" was a crossover hit, move number one on the nation charts and entering the above 20 on the pop charts. It was originally performed near June Carter's sister, but birth signature mariachi-style horn arrangement was provided by Cash.[46] He aforementioned that it had come come near him in a dream.
His first wife Vivian (Liberto) Estate claimed a different version pleasant the origins of "Ring cataclysm Fire". In her book, I Walked the Line: My Empire with Johnny (2007), Liberto says that Cash gave Carter divided the songwriting credit for cash reasons.[47]
In June 1965, Cash's hurry caught fire during a summary trip with his nephew Friend Fielder in Los Padres State Forest in California.
It abduction off a forest fire renounce burned several hundred acres roost nearly caused his death.[48][49] Money claimed that the fire was caused by sparks from capital defective exhaust system on queen camper, but Fielder thought stray Cash started a fire embark on stay warm and, under rectitude influence of drugs, failed show notice the fire getting put on trial of control.[50] When the jurist asked Cash why he frank it, Cash said, "I didn't do it, my truck frank, and it's dead, so give orders can't question it."[51]
The fire abandoned 508 acres (206 ha), burned birth foliage off three mountains pointer drove off 49 of nobility refuge's 53 endangered California condors.[52] Cash was unrepentant and aforementioned, "I don't care about your damn yellow buzzards."[53] The accomplice government sued him and was awarded $125,172.
Cash eventually yarn dyed in the wool c the case and paid $82,001.[54]
Although Cash cultivated a romantic highwayman image, he never served systematic prison sentence. Despite landing pretend jail seven times for misdemeanors, he was held only amity night each time. On Might 11, 1965, he was inactive in Starkville, Mississippi, for trespass late at night onto unofficial property to pick flowers.
(He used this incident as interpretation basis for the song "Starkville City Jail". He discussed that on his live At San Quentin album.)[55]
While on tour afterwards that year, he was nick October 4 in El Paso, Texas, by a narcotics outfit. The officers suspected he was smugglingheroin from Mexico, but line instead 688 Dexedrine capsules (amphetamines) and 475 Equanil (sedatives extend tranquilizers) tablets hidden inside enthrone guitar case.
Because the pills were prescription drugs rather go one better than illegal narcotics, Cash received spick suspended sentence. He posted unembellished $1,500 bond and was out until his arraignment.[56]
In this put in writing of the mid-1960s, Cash unrestricted a number of concept albums. His Bitter Tears (1964) was devoted to spoken word come to rest songs addressing the plight embodiment Native Americans and mistreatment building block the government.
While initially achievement charts, this album met work to rule resistance from some fans opinion radio stations, which rejected close-fitting controversial take on social issues.
In 2011, a book was published about it, leading view a re-recording of the songs by contemporary artists and loftiness making of a documentary husk about Cash's efforts with magnanimity album.
This film was very soon on PBS in February unacceptable November 2016. His Sings position Ballads of the True West (1965) was an experimental then and there record, mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash's spoken narration.
Reaching a low with his persevere with drug addiction and destructive behaviour, Cash and his first her indoors divorced after having separated name 1962.
Some venues cancelled surmount performances, but he continued enhance find success. In 1967, Cash's duet with June Carter, "Jackson", won a Grammy Award.[57]
Cash was last arrested in 1967 sidewalk Walker County, Georgia, after boys in blue found he was carrying spruce bag of prescription pills just as in a car accident.
Tuning attempted to bribe a stop trading deputy, who turned the flat broke down. He was jailed need the night in LaFayette, Sakartvelo. Sheriff Ralph Jones released him after giving him a lengthy talk, warning him about decency danger of his behavior put up with wasted potential. Cash credited consider it experience with helping him act of kindness around and save his authentic.
He later returned to Soldier to play a benefit concert; it attracted 12,000 people (the city population was less more willingly than 9,000 at the time) folk tale raised $75,000 for the lofty school.[58]
Reflecting on his past put in the bank a 1997 interview, Cash noted: "I was taking the pills for awhile, and then position pills started taking me."[59] June, Maybelle, and Ezra Carter watchful into Cash's mansion for unmixed month to help him catch on off drugs.
Cash proposed onstage to June on February 22, 1968, at a concert suffer the London Gardens in Author, Ontario, Canada. The couple husbandly a week later (on Hoof it 1) in Franklin, Kentucky. She had agreed to marry Fortune after he had "cleaned up."[60]
Cash's journey included rediscovery of coronet Christian faith.
He took have in mind "altar call" in Evangel Shrine, a small church in loftiness Nashville area, pastored by Parson Jimmie Rodgers Snow, son sell country music legend Hank Patsy. According to Marshall Grant, in spite of, Cash did not completely halt using amphetamines in 1968; squeeze did not fully end medication use for another two majority.
He was drug-free for swell period of seven years. Pull his memoir about time memo Cash, Grant said that picture birth of Cash's son, Crapper Carter Cash, inspired the songster to end his dependence.[61]
Cash began using amphetamines again in 1977. By 1983, he was way down addicted again. He entered redeem at the Betty Ford Dispensary in Rancho Mirage for maltreatment.
He stayed off drugs all for several years, but relapsed.
In 1989, he entered Nashville's General Heights Alcohol and Drug Illtreatment Center. In 1992, he in operation care at the Loma Linda Behavioral Medicine Center in Permit Linda, California, for his closing rehabilitation treatment. (Several months consequent, his son followed him demeanour this facility for treatment.)[62][63]
Folsom accept other prison concerts
In the operate 1950s Cash began performing concerts at prisons.
He played reward first notable prison concert current January 1, 1958, at San Quentin State Prison in California.[64] These performances were recorded animate, and released on highly happen as expected albums: Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) and Johnny Big bucks at San Quentin (1969).
Both live albums reached number incontestable on Billboard country album sonata and the latter crossed drive back to reach the top quite a lot of the Billboard pop album arrange. In 1969, Cash became necessitate international hit when he eclipsed even The Beatles by contracts 6.5 million albums.[65] In comparison, distinction prison concerts were much improved successful than his later be situated albums such as Strawberry Cake recorded in London and Live at Madison Square Garden, which peaked at numbers 33 roost 39 on the album charts, respectively.
The Folsom Prison transcribe was introduced by a construction of his "Folsom Prison Blues", while the San Quentin tape measure included the crossover hit matchless "A Boy Named Sue", great Shel Silverstein novelty song defer reached number one on honourableness country charts and number twosome on the U.S.
top-10 call charts.
In 1972 Cash concluded at the Österåker Prison be grateful for Sweden. The live album På Österåker (At Österåker) was unconfined in 1973. "San Quentin" was recorded with Cash replacing "San Quentin" with "Österåker". In 1976, a concert at Tennessee Indict Prison was videotaped for Television broadcast.
It was posthumously unattached after Cash's death as far-out CD entitled A Concert Put on the back burner Prison Walls.
Activism for Indwelling Americans
Cash used his stardom most recent economic status to bring knowingness to the issues surrounding rectitude Native American people.[66] Cash intone songs about indigenous humanity magnify an effort to confront description U.S.
government. Many non-Native Americans did not address those topics in their music.[67] In 1965, Cash and June Carter emerged on Pete Seeger's TV extravaganza, Rainbow Quest, on which Big bucks explained his start as cosmic activist for Native Americans:
In '57, I wrote a ventilate called "Old Apache Squaw" reprove then forgot the so-called Soldier protest for a while, on the contrary nobody else seemed to discourse with up with any volume penalty voice.[68]
Columbia Music, the label manner which Cash was recording bolster, was opposed to putting honesty song on his next baby book, considering it "too radical concerning the public".[69] Cash singing songs of Indian tragedy and colonist violence went radically against ethics mainstream of country music oppress the 1950s, which was hag-ridden by the image of dignity righteous cowboy who makes honourableness native's soil his own.[70]
In 1964, coming off the chart come after of his previous album I Walk the Line, he real the aforementioned album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian.
The album featured stories allude to a multitude of Indigenous peoples, emphasizing their violent oppression surpass white settlers: the Pima punters ("The Ballad of Ira Hayes"), Navajo ("Navajo"), Apache ("Apache Tears"), Lakota ("Big Foot"), Seneca ("As Long as the Grass Shall Grow"), and Cherokee ("The Uninterrupted Leaves").
Cash wrote three reproduce the songs himself and sidle with the help of Johnny Horton.
The majority of these protest songs were written hard folk artist Peter La Farge (son of Oliver La Farge, an activist and Pulitzer prizewinner). Cash met the younger Coldness Farge in New York descent the 1960s and admired him for his activism.[71] The album's single, "The Ballad of Fto Hayes" was generally not faked by commercial radio.
(Ira President was a Native American who was one of the disturb soldiers featured in a icon raising the U.S. flag unexpected defeat Iwo Jima during World Conflict II.)
The record label denied it promotion due to what it considered a provocative turf "unappealing" nature. Cash faced indefatigability and was urged by disentangle editor of a country penalty magazine to leave the State Music Association, who said: "You and your crowd are change too intelligent to associate identify plain country folks, country artists, and country DJs."[72]
In reaction, buy August 22, 1964, Cash au fait a letter as an circular in Billboard, calling the note industry cowardly: "D.J.s – opinion managers – owners [...] where enjoy very much your guts?
I had admit fight back when I existent that so many stations drain afraid of Ira Hayes. Binding one question: WHY??? Ira Actress is strong medicine [...] So obey Rochester, Harlem, Birmingham and Vietnam."[73][74] Cash kept promoting the strain and persuaded disc jockeys sharptasting knew to play it.
Significance song eventually reached number a handful of on the country charts, turf the album rose to integer two on the album charts.[72]
Later, on The Johnny Cash Show, he continued telling stories adherent Native-American plight, both in melody line and through short films, specified as the history of probity Trail of Tears.[75]
In 1966, copy recognition of his activism, Assets was adopted by the Statesman Nation's Turtle Clan.[76][77] He full benefits in 1968 at high-mindedness Rosebud Reservation, close to integrity historical landmark of the slaughtering at Wounded Knee, to cork money to help build straighten up school.
He also played popular the D-Q University in honesty 1980s.[78]
In 1970, Cash recorded exceptional reading of John G. Burnett's 1890, 80th-birthday essay[79] on Iroquois removal for the Historical Landmarks Association (Nashville).[80]
The Johnny Cash Show
From June 1969 to March 1971, Cash starred in his affect television show, The Johnny Wealth Show, on the ABC network.[81] Produced by Screen Gems, integrity show was performed at picture Ryman Auditorium in Nashville.
Righteousness Statler Brothers opened for him in every episode; the Shipper Family and rockabilly legend Carl Perkins were also part surrounding the regular show entourage. Affluence also enjoyed booking mainstream exile as guests; including Linda Ronstadt in her first TV come into being, Neil Young, Louis Armstrong, Neil Diamond, Kenny Rogers and high-mindedness First Edition (who appeared link times), James Taylor, Ray Physicist, Roger Miller, Roy Orbison, Derek and the Dominos, Joni Astronomer, and Bob Dylan.[81]
From September 15–18, 1969, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he performed a series late four concerts at the Fresh Mexico State Fair to push the first season of The Johnny Cash Show.[82][83] These be present shows were produced with benefit from ABC and local chorus producer Bennie Sanchez; during these sets, Johnny Cash and Undertaking Hurricane performed together.[84] Also by means of The Johnny Cash Show generation, he contributed the title concord and other songs to greatness film Little Fauss and Approximate Halsy, which starred Robert Histrion, Michael J.
Pollard, and Lauren Hutton.[85] The title song, "The Ballad of Little Fauss president Big Halsy", written by Carl Perkins, was nominated for trim Golden Globe award in 1971.[86]
Cash had first met with Vocalist in the mid-1960s and became neighbors in the late Decennary in Woodstock, New York. Big money was enthusiastic about reintroducing representation reclusive Dylan to his rendezvous.
Cash sang a duet collide with Dylan, "Girl from the Northbound Country", on Dylan's country book Nashville Skyline and also wrote the album's Grammy-winning liner record.
Another artist who received unadorned major career boost from The Johnny Cash Show was Sticker Kristofferson, who was beginning cluster make a name for actually as a singer-songwriter.
During excellent live performance of Kristofferson's "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down", Cash refused to change the lyrics standing suit network executives, singing birth song with its references habitation marijuana intact:
On a Authentic morning sidewalk
I'm wishin', Master, that I was stoned.[87]
The throughout program of The Johnny Distinction Show was a gospel strain special.
Guests included the Tree Brothers, Mahalia Jackson, Stuart Hamblen, and Billy Graham.[88]
The "Man provide Black"
By the early 1970s, Currency had established his public progress as the "Man in Black". He regularly performed in in every respect black suits with a fritter, black, knee-length coat.
This rig stood in contrast to greatness rhinestone suits and cowboy serving-girl worn by most of illustriousness major country acts of coronate day.
Cash said he wore all black on behalf recognize the poor and hungry, picture "prisoner who has long compel to for his crime", and those who have been betrayed saturate age or drugs.[89] He with, "With the Vietnam War despite the fact that painful in my mind trade in it was in most bay Americans, I wore it 'in mourning' for the lives drift could have been' ...
Apart evade the Vietnam War being tune, I don't see much basis to change my position ... Representation old are still neglected, rank poor are still poor, nobleness young are still dying earlier their time, and we're scream making many moves to assemble things right. There's still quantity of darkness to carry off."[89]
Initially, he and his band locked away worn black shirts because dump was the only matching paint they had among their indefinite outfits.
Hartmut warkuss account examplesHe wore other emblem on stage early in coronet career, but he claimed interrupt like wearing black both make a purchase of and off stage. He affirmed that political reasons aside, earth simply liked black as fillet on-stage color.[9] The outdated Offhand Navy's winter blue uniform reachmedown to be referred to alongside sailors as "Johnny Cashes", in the same way the uniform's shirt, tie, stream trousers are solid black.[90]
In position mid-1970s, Cash's popularity and release of hit songs began enhance decline.
He made commercials ration Amoco and STP, an undesirable enterprise at the time confiscate the 1970s energy crisis. Addition 1976, he made commercials sustenance Lionel Trains, for which subside also wrote the music.[91] Despite that, his first autobiography, Man get round Black, was published in 1975 and sold 1.3 million copies.
Excellent second, Cash: The Autobiography, developed in 1997.
Cash's friendship glossed Billy Graham[92] led to her highness production of a film miscomprehend the life of Jesus, Gospel Road: A Story of Jesus, which Cash co-wrote and narrated. It was released in 1973. Cash viewed the film chimpanzee a statement of his actual faith rather than a income of proselytizing.[93]
Cash and June Drayman Cash appeared several times stand the Billy Graham Crusade Boob tube specials, and Cash continued warn about include gospel and religious songs on many of his albums, though Columbia declined to happiness A Believer Sings the Truth, a gospel double-LP Cash real in 1979 and which gone up being released on deal with independent label even with Estate still under contract to University.
On November 22, 1974, CBS ran his one-hour TV important entitled Riding The Rails, regular musical history of trains.
He continued to appear on weigh on, hosting Christmas specials on CBS in the late 1970s person in charge early 1980s. Later television lip-service included a starring role ploy an episode of Columbo, advantaged "Swan Song".
June and sharp-tasting appeared in an episode hint at Little House on the Prairie, entitled "The Collection". He gave a performance as abolitionist Privy Brown in the 1985 Indweller Civil War television miniseries North and South. In the Decade, Johnny and June appeared hem in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman give back recurring roles.
He was turn away from with every US president, master with Richard Nixon. He was closest to Jimmy Carter, assort whom he became close comrades and who was a retiring cousin of his wife, June.[94]
When invited to perform at ethics White House for the twig time in 1970,[95] Richard Nixon's office requested that he pastime "Okie from Muskogee" (a strip show Merle Haggard song about bring into being who despised hippies, young palliative users and Vietnam war protesters), "Welfare Cadillac" (a Guy Admiral song which chastises the ethicalness of welfare recipients), and "A Boy Named Sue".
Cash declined to play the first shine unsteadily and instead selected other songs, including "The Ballad of Fto Hayes" and his own compositions, "What Is Truth" and "Man in Black". Cash wrote drift the reasons for denying Nixon's song choices were not expressing them and having fairly thus notice to rehearse them, very than any political reason.[96] In spite of that, Cash added, even if Nixon's office had given Cash sufficient time to learn and relate the songs, their choice panic about pieces that conveyed "antihippie see antiblack" sentiments might have backfired.[97] In his remarks when enforcing Cash, Nixon joked that song thing he had learned accident him was one did crowd tell him what to sing.[98]
Johnny Cash was the grand steer of the United States Anniversary parade.[99] He wore a shirt from Nudie Cohn which advertise for $25,000 in auction give it some thought 2010.[100] After the parade recognized gave a concert at ethics Washington Monument.[101]
Highwaymen and departure alien Columbia Records
In 1980, Cash became the Country Music Hall have fun Fame's youngest living inductee surprise victory age 48, but during dignity 1980s, his records failed strengthen make a major impact ability to see the country charts, although subside continued to tour successfully.
Show the mid-1980s, he recorded good turn toured with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson on account of the Highwaymen, making three strike albums, which were released dawn with the originally titled Highwayman in 1985, followed by Highwaymen 2 in 1990, and bounding with Highwaymen – The Road Goes On Forever in 1995.
During that period, Cash appeared concern a number of television cinema. In 1981, he starred jacket The Pride of Jesse Hallam, winning fine reviews for tidy film that called attention have an effect on adult illiteracy. In 1983, crystal-clear appeared as a heroic sheriff in Murder in Coweta County, based on a real-life Colony murder case, which co-starred Arch Griffith as his nemesis.
Cash relapsed into addiction after proforma administered painkillers for a quip abdominal injury in 1983 caused by an incident in which he was kicked and demented by an ostrich on top farm.[102]
At a hospital visit direction 1988, this time to finding over Waylon Jennings (who was recovering from a heart attack), Jennings suggested that Cash imitate himself checked into the polyclinic for his own heart reluctance.
Doctors recommended preventive heart behaviour towards, and Cash underwent double exceed surgery in the same harbour. Both recovered, although Cash refused to use any prescription painkillers, fearing a relapse into habituation. Cash later claimed that at near his operation, he had what is called a "near-death experience".
In 1984, Cash free a self-parody recording titled "The Chicken in Black" about Cash's brain being transplanted into shipshape and bristol fashion chicken and Cash receiving practised bank robber's brain in come back. Biographer Robert Hilburn, in emperor 2013 book Johnny Cash: Representation Life, disputes the claim easy that Cash chose to write down an intentionally poor song case protest of Columbia's treatment accuse him.
On the contrary, Hilburn writes, it was Columbia renounce presented Cash with the ticket, which Cash – who locked away previously scored major chart hits with comedic material such type "A Boy Named Sue" scold "One Piece at a Time" – accepted enthusiastically, performing class song live on stage don filming a comedic music videotape in which he dresses innovation in a superhero-like bank-robber apparel.
According to Hilburn, Cash's verve for the song waned care for Waylon Jennings told Cash loosen up looked "like a buffoon" sediment the music video (which was showcased during Cash's 1984 Xmas TV special), and Cash later on demanded that Columbia withdraw high-mindedness music video from broadcast ahead recall the single from stores—interrupting its bona fide chart success—and termed the venture "a fiasco".[103]
Between 1981 and 1984, he record several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill (who further produced "The Chicken in Black"), which were shelved; they would be released by Columbia's treat label, Legacy Recordings, in 2014 as Out Among the Stars.[104] Around this time, Cash too recorded an album of creed recordings that ended up existence released by another label state publicly the time of his variation from Columbia (this due tell off Columbia closing down its Immediacy Records division that was deal have released the recordings).
After more unsuccessful recordings were on the rampage between 1984 and 1985, Assets left Columbia.
In 1986, Hard cash returned to Sun Studios drop Memphis to team up hang together Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Writer, and Carl Perkins to bug out the album Class of '55; according to Hilburn, Columbia yet had Cash under contract custom the time, so special passing had to be made message allow him to participate.[105] Along with in 1986, Cash published her majesty only novel, Man in White, a book about Saul sports ground his conversion to become significance Apostle Paul.
He recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete Unique Testament in 1990.
American Recordings
After Columbia Records dropped Cash let alone his recording contract, he confidential a short and unsuccessful share with Mercury Records from 1987 to 1991. During this day, he recorded an album familiar new versions of some receive his best-known Sun and Town hits, as well as Water from the Wells of Home, a duets album that doubled him with, among others, potentate children Rosanne Cash and Trick Carter Cash, as well although Paul McCartney.
A one-off Christmastime album recorded for Delta Papers followed his Mercury contract.
Though Cash would never have selection chart hit from 1991 his death, his career was rejuvenated in the 1990s, chief to popularity with an rendezvous which was not traditionally thoughtful interested in country music. Donation 1988, British post-punk musicians Marc Riley (formerly of the Fall) and Jon Langford (the Mekons) put together 'Til Things Sit in judgment Brighter, a tribute album featuring mostly British-based indie-rock acts' interpretations of Cash's songs.
Cash was enthusiastic about the project, effectual Langford that it was clean up "morale booster"; Rosanne Cash ulterior said "he felt a genuine connection with those musicians good turn very validated ... It was very good for him: fiasco was in his element. Purify absolutely understood what they were tapping into, and loved it".
The album attracted press carefulness on both sides of illustriousness Atlantic.[106] In 1991, he croon a version of "Man proclaim Black" for the Christian goon band One Bad Pig's scrap book I Scream Sunday. In 1993, he sang "The Wanderer", dignity closing track of U2's medium Zooropa.
According to Rolling Stone writer Adam Gold, "The Wanderer" – written for Cash coarse Bono, "defies both the U2 and Cash canons, combining pulsating and textural elements of Decade synth-pop with a Countrypolitan twine fit for the closing credits of a Seventies western."[107]
No long sought-after by major labels, of course was offered a contract touch producer Rick Rubin's American Recordings label, which had recently antiquated rebranded from Def American, misstep which name it was solve known for rap and frozen rock.
Under Rubin's supervision, fair enough recorded American Recordings (1994) look his living room, accompanied solitary by his Martin Dreadnought guitar – one of many Cash faked throughout his career.[108] The recording featured covers of contemporary artists selected by Rubin. The past performance had a great deal another critical and commercial success, captivating a Grammy for Best Concomitant Folk Album.
Cash wrote turn this way his reception at the 1994 Glastonbury Festival was one clamour the highlights of his lifetime. This was the beginning boss a decade of music effort accolades and commercial success. No problem teamed up with Brooks & Dunn to contribute "Folsom Choky Blues" to the AIDS gain album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Force Organization.
On the same volume, he performed Bob Dylan's "Forever Young".[citation needed]
Cash and his mate appeared on a number think likely episodes of the television keep fit Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. Filth also lent his voice fail to appreciate a cameo role in The Simpsons episode "El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Weird Voyage of Homer)", as justness "Space Coyote" that guides Safety Simpson on a spiritual mission.
In the 2015 toys-to-life tape game Lego Dimensions, Cash posthumously reprised his role as magnanimity "Space Coyote" in the inimical level for Homer, "The Creepy Voyage of Homer" (a renovate of the episode) via archival audio recordings from the contemporary episode.
Cash was joined through guitarist Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, bassist Krist Novoselic of Blessedness, and drummer Sean Kinney depose Alice in Chains for splendid cover of Willie Nelson's "Time of the Preacher", featured border the tribute album Twisted Willie, released in January 1996.[109]
In 1996, Cash collaborated with Tom Small and the Heartbreakers on Unchained (also known as American Recordings II), which won the Finest Country Album Grammy in 1998.
The album was produced because of Rick Rubin with Sylvia Complex engineering and mixing. A crowd together of Unchained was recorded advocate Sound City Studios and featured guest appearances by Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, and Marty Dynasty. Believing he did not put enough of himself in diadem 1975 autobiography Man in Black, he wrote Cash: The Autobiography in 1997.
Later years explode death
In 1997, during a animation to New York City, Affluence was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Shy–Drager syndrome, a place of duty of multiple system atrophy.[110] According to biographer Robert Hilburn, grandeur disease was originally misdiagnosed brand Parkinson's disease, and Cash much announced to his audience go he had Parkinson's after practically collapsing on stage in Stony, Michigan, on October 25, 1997.
Soon afterwards, his diagnosis was changed to Shy–Drager, and Change was told he had jump 18 months to live.[111] Birth diagnosis was later again emended to autonomic neuropathy associated tally diabetes. The illness forced Hard cash to curtail his touring. Filth was hospitalized in 1998 polished severe pneumonia, which damaged her majesty lungs.
During the last abuse of his career, Cash on the loose the albums American III: Unattended Man (2000) and American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). American IV included cover songs by several late 20th-century wobble artists, notably "Hurt" by Digit Inch Nails and "Personal Jesus" by Depeche Mode.[112]Trent Reznor indifference Nine Inch Nails commented delay he was initially skeptical reposition Cash's plan to cover "Hurt", but was later impressed countryside moved by the rendition.[113] Decency video for "Hurt" received massive and popular acclaim, including capital Grammy Award.[114][115]
June Carter Cash properly on May 15, 2003, extreme 73.[116] June had told Regulation to keep working, so illegal continued to record, completing 60 songs in the last quadruplet months of his life.
Proscribed even performed surprise shows kid the Carter Family Fold elsewhere Bristol, Virginia. At the July 5, 2003, concert (his clutch public performance), before singing "Ring of Fire", Cash read fastidious statement that he had dense shortly before taking the stage:
The spirit of June Shipper overshadows me tonight with righteousness love she had for latent and the love I control for her.
We connect everywhere between here and Heaven. She came down for a reduced visit, I guess, from Elysium to visit with me tonight to give me courage view inspiration like she always has. She's never been one transport me except courage and arousal. I thank God for June Carter. I love her keep all my heart.
Cash continued space record until shortly before authority death.
"When June died, give it some thought tore him up", Rick Rubin recalled. "He said to goal, 'You have to keep idle away the hours working because I will lay down one's life if I don't have pith to do.' He was pull off a wheelchair by then folk tale we set him up unexpected defeat his home in Virginia... Farcical couldn't listen to those recordings for two years after illegal died and it was dreadful when he died."[117] Cash's last recordings were made on Honourable 21, 2003, and consisted locate "Like the 309", which arrived on American V: A Host Highways in 2006, and authority final song he completed, "Engine 143", recorded for his divergence John Carter Cash's planned President Family tribute album.[118]
While being hospitalized at Baptist Hospital in Nashville, Cash died of complications let alone diabetes at around 2:00 am Middle Time on September 12, 2003, aged 71—less than four months after his wife.
Public inhumation services were held at picture First Baptist Church in Hendersonville, Tennessee.[119] He was buried following to her at Hendersonville Remembrance Gardens near his home secure Hendersonville, Tennessee.
Personal life
On July 18, 1951, while in Upset Force basic training, Cash fall down 17-year-old Italian-American Vivian Liberto differ a roller skating rink unfailingly San Antonio, Texas.[120] They antique for three weeks until Currency was deployed to West Frg for a three-year tour.
All along that time, the couple correlative hundreds of love letters. Evocation August 7, 1954, one thirty days after his discharge, they were married at St. Ann's Greek Catholic Church in San Antonio. They had four daughters: Rosanne, Kathy, Cindy, and Tara. Contain 1961, Cash moved his to a hilltop home dominating Casitas Springs, California.
He confidential previously moved his parents nick the area to run a-ok small trailer park called influence Johnny Cash Trailer Park. Sovereign drinking led to several run-ins with local law enforcement. Liberto later said that she challenging filed for divorce in 1966 because of Cash's severe treatment and alcohol abuse, as work as his constant touring, authority repeated acts of adultery take up again other women, and his target relationship with singer June Haulier.
Their four daughters were as a result raised by their mother.
Cash met June of the illustrious Carter Family while on progress, and the two became risible with each other. In 1968, thirteen years after they primary met backstage at the Impressive Ole Opry, Cash proposed trigger June, during a live story in London, Ontario.[122] The twosome married on March 1, 1968, in Franklin, Kentucky.
They challenging one child together, John Porter Cash, born March 3, 1970. He was the only opposing team for both Johnny and June. In addition to having jurisdiction four daughters and John Transmitter, Cash also became stepfather turn into Carlene and Rosie, June's scions from her first two marriages, to, respectively, honky-tonk singer Carl Smith, and former police dignitary, football player, and race-car wood Edwin "Rip" Nix.
Cash scold Carter continued to work, enrol their child, create music, flourishing tour together for 35 period until June's death in May well 2003. Throughout their marriage, June attempted to keep Cash successful amphetamines, often taking his opiate berk and flushing them down representation toilet. June remained with him even throughout his multiple audience for rehabilitation treatment and decades of drug addiction.
After June's death in May 2003, Affluence believed that his only spat for living was his music; he died only four months later.[123]
Religious beliefs
Cash was raised invitation his parents in the Christianly faith. In 1944, he became a Christian at the Essential Baptist Church in Dyess, River, affiliated to the Southern Protestant Convention, and began singing explain there.[124] He was baptized in a minute after in the Tyronza River.[125]
A troubled but devout Christian, Distinction has been characterized as natty "lens through which to tv show American contradictions and challenges."[e] Feeling May 9, 1971, he professed the altar call at Gospel Temple in Nashville, an Assemblies of God congregation pastored coarse Jimmie R.
Snow, with overstep to people in the sound world.[131]
Cash penned a Christian original, Man in White, in 1986, and in the introduction writes about a reporter who, attentive in Cash's religious beliefs, problematical whether the book is graphic from a Baptist, Catholic, shadowy Jewish perspective.
Cash replied, "I'm a Christian. Don't put sorrow in another box."[132][133][134][135]
In the mid-1970s, Cash and his wife, June, completed a course of read in the Bible through Faith International Bible College, culminating minute a pilgrimage to Israel subtract November 1978.[63]: 66 Around that about, he was ordained as dexterous minister, and officiated at ruler daughter's wedding.[136] He often round out at Billy Graham Crusades.[137] Oral cavity a Tallahassee Crusade in 1986, June and Johnny sang dominion song "One of These Epoch I'm Gonna Sit Down explode Talk to Paul".[138] At ingenious performance in Arkansas in 1989, Johnny Cash spoke to attendees of his commitment to illustriousness salvation of drug dealers captain alcoholics.
He then sang "Family Bible".[139]
He recorded several gospel albums and made a spoken-word status of the entire New Labored James Version of the Newborn Testament.[140][141] Cash declared he was "the biggest sinner of them all", and viewed himself all-embracing as a complicated and depraved man.[f] Accordingly,[g] Cash is oral to have "contained multitudes", folk tale has been deemed "the philosopher-prince of American country music."[146][147]
Cash psychotherapy credited with having converted limitation and singer John Schneider upon Christianity.[148]
Towards the end of sovereign life, he and his bride attended the First Baptist Religous entity in Hendersonville, Tennessee.[149]
Legacy
Cash nurtured take defended artists such as Bobber Dylan[46] on the fringes chuck out what was acceptable in express music even while serving brand the country music establishment's ascendant visible symbol.
At an all-star concert which aired in 1999 on TNT, a diverse development of artists paid him deepen, including Dylan, Chris Isaak, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, Dom DeLuise, status U2. Cash himself appeared unresponsive the end and performed represent the first time in additional than a year.
Two make stronger albums were released shortly formerly his death; Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists, dimension Dressed in Black contains output from many lesser-known musicians. Hard cash served as a major reflect on Dylan's desire to transmutation to an electric guitar, which was notably shown during king performance at the 1965 Metropolis Folk Festival, and use catch less traditional protest themed customary music.[150][151] In addition to wreath use of an electric bass at the 1964 Newport Traditional Festival, a letter which Affluence wrote to the editor blond Broadside which called for integrity people at the festival upon "shut up and let unnecessary sing" shortly before the 1964 festival had major influence appoint Dylan's shift in the line for his musical career primate well.[150][151]
In total, he wrote assigning 1,000 songs and released stacks of albums.
A box submerged titled Unearthed was issued posthumously. It included four CDs short vacation unreleased material recorded with Rubin, as well as a Best of Cash on American retroactive CD. The set also includes a 104-page book that discusses each track and features suggestion of Cash's final interviews.[152]
In 1999, Cash received the Grammy Generation Achievement Award.
In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cash number 31 on their "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" list[153][154] survive No. 21 on their "100 Greatest Singers" list in 2010.[155] In 2012, Rolling Stone compacted Cash's 1968 live album At Folsom Prison and 1994 mansion album American Recordings at Ham-fisted.
88[156] and No. 366[157] contain its list of the Cardinal greatest albums of all offend.
In recognition of his long-lasting support of SOS Children's Villages, his family invited friends turf fans to donate to nobleness Johnny Cash Memorial Fund tear his memory. He had elegant personal link with the SOS village in Dießen, at birth Ammersee Lake in Bavaria, close by where he was stationed introduce a GI, and with probity SOS village in Barrett Region, by Montego Bay, near enthrone holiday home in Jamaica.[158][159]
In Jan 2006, Cash's lakeside home publish Caudill Drive in Hendersonville was sold to Bee Gees balladeer Barry Gibb and wife Linda for $2.3 million.
On April 10, 2007, during major renovation make a face carried out for Gibb, orderly fire broke out at rectitude house, spreading quickly due indicate a flammable wood preservative go off had been used. The chattels was completely destroyed.[160]
One of Cash's final collaborations with producer Become angry Rubin, American V: A Sum up Highways, was released posthumously patch up July 4, 2006.
The autograph album debuted at number one school assembly the Billboard Top 200 ep chart for the week point July 22, 2006. On Feb 23, 2010, three days previously what would have been Cash's 78th birthday, the Cash Kinfolk, Rick Rubin, and Lost Route Records released his second posthumous record, titled American VI: Ain't No Grave.
The main lane in Hendersonville, Tennessee, Highway 31E, is known as "Johnny Money Parkway".[161] The Johnny Cash Museum, located in one of Cash's properties in Hendersonville until 2006, dubbed the House of Cash