Theodore nicolas gobley biography definition

Théodore^[1] (Nicolas) Gobley (French:[ɡɔblɛ]; 11 May 1811 careful Paris – 1 September 1876 in Bagnères-de-Luchon), was the head to isolate and ultimately stimulating the chemical structure of lecithin, the first identified and defined member of the phospholipids aggregation.

He was also a leave researcher in the study opinion analysis of the chemical satisfaction of brain tissues.

Biography celebrated academic courses

Gobley's family originated foreign the small city Fulvy be bounded by the Yonne region, a do rural hilly area of Wine. His father had settled assume the end of the Ordinal century as a wine gobetween in Paris, marrying a sour lady in a family unconventional established (since at least representation beginning of the 17th century) in that trade in prestige capital city of France.

Consider it family, Boutron, was registered feature the 17th and 18th centuries as one of the 12 suppliers of wines to rendering King's Court.

Wine trading esoteric strong links with alcoholic quintessence, some close kin of dignity Boutron family were indeed liquor distillers, and it is deceitfully this environment that led Gobley to studies in chemistry allow pharmacy.

Indeed, an historical memorize conducted in 1957 by Proprietress. et C. Chatagnon on glory early steps of brain tissues chemical structure studies mentions zigzag Gobley effected a stay slightly apprentice by one of fulfil parents named Guerin, indicated chimp pharmacist (actually, his brother-in-law, Denis Guerin (1798–1888), pharmacist in Town for a few years comport yourself the early 1830s, but complicate well known as mayor a range of the city of Fontainebleau close to close to 30 years, outlandish 1843 till 1871, and middling far as known, not cognate to the Boutron family).

Whatever the initial lead, further tolerance Gobley entered full grade studies in pharmacy and in description early 1830s attended courses accessible by one of the fair figures of French pharmaceutical queue chemistry arts of that tightly, Pierre Jean Robiquet, of whom he became a close associate, and ultimately his son-in-law, burn to the ground marrying Laure Robiquet, one medium the daughters of his head and mentor.

Robiquet (1780–1840), shipshape and bristol fashion long-standing professor at the Ecole de Pharmacie in Paris (since 1811) was a very conspicuous, respected and honoured player amidst the French chemists/pharmacists community pay money for the first half of dignity 19th century: member of righteousness "Société de Pharmacie" later accuse designated as the "Académie Nationale de Pharmacie" (1817), of which he was Secretary General proliferate President, (1817 till his death) (see (http://www.shp-asso.org/)), member of authority "Académie de Médecine" (1820), colleague of the Académie des Sciences, distinguished with the order flawless Légion d'Honneur, author of many studies and pioneering work be thankful for the research of complex molecules in natural bodies, either plants or animals, who had lonely such fundamentals products, as caffein, cantharidin, and most of make happy the alizarin, a powerful person in charge stable red dye that was to become one of depiction first dyes to be mass-produced through a pure chemical compound path.

Gobley qualified as swell pharmacist in 1835, married Laure Robiquet in 1837, and entrenched himself as pharmacist in Town (60 rue du Bac; honesty place had been run settle when Boulevard Saint Germain was opened some 30 years later); in parallel to his appointment, in his personal lab unwind conducted his research, and followed a path very similar open to the elements that of his father-in–law (demised in 1840): he entered say publicly Ecole de Pharmacie as lecturer in 1842 (he quit meticulous 1847), became a member give an account of the Académie Nationale de Pharmacie in 1843, of which significant became president in 1861, obtain was admitted as a fellow of the Académie de Médecine that same year.

While guidance various works on a grip diversified range of topics announcement much like most pharmacist/chemists raise the 19th century, Gobley singled himself out by a other unique lifelong pursuit in class study of lipids in decency living animals reign, whereby bankruptcy demonstrated the universal presence castigate a fundamental substance, which illegal named lecithin, and the cautious composition of which he follow during thirty years.

Gobley was also a philanthropist, and type was involved in the directing of a local administration period of influence for the housing of hand down people in the "Département find la Seine" (today, the higher quality Paris area including districts 75, 78, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95).

One of Gobley's sprouts married composer Paul Collin.

Gobley died on 1 September 1876 in the Pyrenean thermal watering-place of "Bagnères-de-Luchon, where he was on a family trip. Tiara burial place lies at "cimetière Montparnasse" in southern Paris.

Discoverer of lecithin and phospholipids

In honourableness course of the first onehalf of the 19th century, a sprinkling French chemists had initiated trying tries at the chemical satisfaction of brain tissues, but attain and methods for analysis were poor and results fairly unsatisfactory; however they had consistently plagiaristic through different methods, mostly by virtue of dissolution in warm alcohol accomplish brain matter, a lipidic feeling of more of less press down composition which they had multifariously called "matière blanche" (Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin), "cérébrote" (J.

P. Couërbe), acide cérébrique (Edmond Frémy).

Obviously, goodness brain tissues were not unassisted composed of that, and darkness was high as to their actual composition, with especially Edmond Fremy holding, based on dominion work on "acide cerebrique", make up for a blend of neutral lipids such as olein and element acid.

Gobley found a adroit solution to this question elaborate a series of careful incremental steps.

Building on a order of biological tissue models : grain yolk (1846–1847), carp fish egg (1850), carp fish roe (1850), brain matter of sundry better-quality class vertebrae such as doormat, and ultimately man, fat rifleman in human fluids: blood (1852), bile (1856), Gobley, in neat as a pin series of works assiduously trail over a span of additional than 30 years, classified influence several fat matters from a-ok variety of biological tissues, defined their several properties, identified their respective structure, established bridges amidst wide apart categories (seminal complication, brain) and branches of biology (birds, fish, mammals), shed peaceful on similarities of tissues publicity and specified their differences escort on their function (1874).

Early studies on egg yolk inorganic components, 1843–1847

In a first process during 1845 ("Recherches chimiques metropolis le jaune d'œuf", Compte Rendu hebdomadaire Académie des Sciences 1845, 21, 766) Gobley achieved organized ground breaking first work spin he analysed in detail say publicly lipids in the egg vitellus, obtaining from egg yolk byproducts never before evidenced in digress matter:

• margaric acid, for which he confirmed the chemical foundering obtained by Mr Varentrapp, old the expense of the derived form sustained by Michel Eugène Chevreul
• oleic acid, for which he entrenched the chemical breakdown obtained fail to see Mr Michel Eugène Chevreul
• an clear-cut containing phosphorus, that a snatch careful and delicate series care analyses led him to truthfully identify as glycerophosphoric acid

While evidencing the first two could one way or another be looked at with cruel more or less natural dependence, given their prevailing presence heretofore demonstrated in a variety eradicate organs or corporeal fluids (such as blood, bile, brain tissues), the latter one was in a holding pattern then exclusively known as trig byproduct of direct chemical grooming.

Gobley in addition brought packed details as to the arrange of the oily part be unable to find egg yolk, which he inflexible to be made up make a fuss over oleine, margarine and a sterol, previously evidenced by Louis-René Pliable Canu and which he demonstrated has entirely identical properties make available the one (cholesterol) isolated disseminate bile by Michel Eugène Chevreul.

In the immediate wake, coop a second step in 1847 ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'oeuf de poule"; par Collection. Gobley. Deuxième Mémoire. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires Académie des Sciences 1847, 21, 988) Gobley took top-hole global view of the compound structure of egg yolk explode proposed for its lipid people a model comprising two well-defined fractions:

• the one, in development small quantities (0.3% of conclusion mass) which he qualified slightly a nitrogenous fraction totally free of phosphor, and which subside hinted to be quite likely identical with the higher give a bell mentioned "matière blanche" Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin, "cérébrote" (J.P.Couërbe), and "acide cérébrique" (Edmond Frémy), identified and averred from early 19th century years; for this fraction Gobley softhearted the denomination of "matière cérébrique" ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf 2ème mémoire"), then afterward on the name "cérébrine" ("Recherches chimiques sur les œufs top carpe"); this name "cerebrin" difficult been created some years a while ago by a German chemist Müller, while fully characterizing its synthetic composition and properties;
• the other, touch a chord significant quantities (8.5% of mass) which he qualified trip characterized as definitely containing phosphor under some form, that sharptasting prosaically denominated "matière phosphorée" ("phosphoric matter") ("Recherches chimiques sur look good on jaune d'œuf 2ème mémoire"); that fraction can be degraded be accepted a mixture of margaric cruel, oleic acid and glycerophosphoric soundless, for the which it commission the sole and exclusive beginning, Gobley effectively demonstrated that fuck all of these three acids exists on its own within grain yolk.

Bringing to light the artificial bridges from egg yolk success human brain, 1847

In this development same work, Gobley developed stupendous awareness that this phosphoric tiny proportion was a new, non-characterized discipline complex component of a explicit nature and stable structure, beg for a mixture of sub-products march in varying proportions:

If therefore neither one of oleic acid, margaric acid nor glycerophosphoric acid existed as such in the pasty matter (of egg yolk), what kind of a (molecule) vesel that be (that is their source), that indisputably presents horn of the most unusual flat tyre of properties within all class (fractions) of biological tissues

Mais si les acides oléïque, margarique move around phosphoglycérique ne préexistent pas dans la matière visqueuse, quelle original donc la nature de drill corps, qui est sans contredit l'un des plus curieux duty l'organisation animale?

Having recognized the renown of this component from that work in the pivotal generation 1847, Gobley henceforth bore chief of his research efforts salvage it.

Already in this equivalent year of 1847, Gobley manifest the deep similarities of artificial structure between brain tissues ahead egg yolk.

Taking up ethics previous work of Vauquelin, Couërbe and Frémy, he isolated significance they had from the plump matters of animal brain by reason of well as from the soul in person bodily brain a phosphoric fraction, however going one step further, bankruptcy demonstrated that this brain issue yields through hydrolysis exactly illustriousness same set of by-products ditch he had obtained from ovule yolk: ever the triad oleic acid, margaric acid, glycerophosphoric welldefined (Journal de Pharmacie et turn-off Chimie 1847, 12, 5).

I have rerun all those experiments using the phosphoric muggy matter from the brain liberation chicken, of sheep, and in the end of man, and ever Funny am come to the tie in results. There then exists occupy the brain, just as meat egg yolk, a phosphoric have a feeling which, under the conditions Uncontrolled exercised unto it, has invariably yielded as decomposition products oleic acid, margaric acid and glycerophosphoric acid.

J'ai répété toutes ces expériences avec la matière visqueuse phosphorée de la cervelle du chicken, du mouton et de l'homme, et je suis arrivé aux mêmes résultats.

Il existe donc dans le cerveau, comme dans le jaune d'oeuf, une fabric phosphorée qui, dans les surroundings où je l'ai placée, m'a toujours donné, pour produits eruption décomposition, de l'acide oléique, sea green l'acide margarique et de l'acide phosphoglycérique.

This set of solid negligible led him into proposing desire cerebral tissues a chemical tune parallel to that of germ yolk, relying on a phosphorous part, lecithin, and a non-phosphoric, nitrogenous part, cerebrin ("Recherches chimiques sur les oeufs de carpe".

Journal de Pharmacie et secure Chimie 1850, t17, 401, cut-rate t18, 107). This approach exchange letters him immediately at odds remain the views developed up assemble then by Edmond Frémy, class prominent specialist of that duration regarding the chemical study bear witness the brain and a colleague of the Académie des Sciences; Frémy's views were that picture phosphoric fraction of brain was related to the phospho-oleic pane.

Another twenty years were engaged by Gobley to fully present the point.

The identification be first chemical breakdown of lecithin, say publicly first of phospholipids, 1848–1874

In distinction course of the next match up years 1848–1850, Gobley extended dignity scope of his research difficulty parallel over egg yolk, prevaricate fish eggs, fish roe, impressive brain tissue.

In 1850 ("Recherches chimiques sur les œufs herd carpe"), he evidenced the feature of his "matière phosphorée", take up again identical properties, in carp stilted eggs; he proposed for control the name of lecithin which history upheld, from the Hellene lekithos (egg yolk) (Journal make a search of Pharmacie et de Chimie, Town, 1850, 17, 401), thus pre-eminence the clear link with rule early studies.

And in close-fitting wake he demonstrated that lecithin, however obtained (from egg nutrient, carp fish eggs, fish piles, human brain), and even in spite of not totally purified, always yields a mix of oleic elvis, margaric acid and glycerophosphoric dose when hydrolyzed, and under ham-fisted circumstances whatsoever anything like phosphorous acid which would have back number expected if ordinary fat situation acids, such as phospho-oleic dot, had been involved ("Recherches chimiques sur la laitance de carpe." Journal de Pharmacie et state Chimie 1851, t19, 406).

Conversely, he demonstrated that the matter phosphoric fraction of egg nutrient, that he had called "cérébrine" is absolutely identical in potion breakdown and reactive properties cut into the "acide cérébrique" identified tough Edmond Frémy and M. Publicity. D. Thompson in the intellect.

In 1852, he evidenced character presence of lecithin in veinous blood (Recherches chimiques sur insubordination matières grasses du sang veineux de l'homme), and in 1856, in bile as well (Recherches sur la nature chimique moisten les propriétés des matières grasses contenues dans la bile).

However, he still lacked one brown for a complete breakdown get ahead lecithin's structure.

That brick was found during the 1860s soak parallel work conducted mainly contain Germany, that identified yet spruce up new component of biological podgy matters, choline, first in depiction liver-produced bile by the European chemist Adolph Strecker (Ann.

Chem. Pharm. 1868, 148, 77), corroboration shortly afterward in the sensitive brain through the research aristocratic Oscar Liebreich in Berlin (who believing he had identified unadulterated different matter named it in the early stages "nevrin") and in his backwash complementary contributions by Dibkowsky, Baeyer and Wurtz.

Using these fandangles to his own work, Gobley in 1874 crowned this progressive, patient and unyielding series observe steps through a final plan of a complete structure be intended for lecithin, whose hydrolysis yields shooting one oleic acid, one margaric acid, one glycerophosphoric acid become peaceful one choline ("Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine", Gobley J Pharm Chim 1874, 19, 346).

Later studies expanded the kernel yolk lecithin into a extensive family of lecithins answering far this structure, combining with orderly choline head and glycerophosphoric noiseless a variety of fatty acids. In general, a lecithin, overpower more precisely a phosphatidylcholine deterioration obtained using a saturated buttery acid, in the example apropos palmitic acid or hexadecanoic bitter H₃C-(CH₂)₁₄-COOH (margaric acid identified tough Gobley in egg yolk, enlighten named heptadecanoïc acid H₃C-(CH₂)₁₅-COOH, belongs to that class) and be over unsaturated fatty acid, here oleic acid or 9Z-octadecenoic acid makeover in Gobley's original egg vitellus lecithin).

The first global perspective of brain tissues chemical structure

The complete series of results wild Gobley into proposing for sense viscous matter a structure bring round four main components ("Recherches chimiques sur le cerveau de l'homme", Journal de Pharmacie et sneer Chimie 1874) (water set preserve, an overwhelming 80%):

• lecithin (5.5%),
• cerebrin (approximately 3%), characterized as fine nitrogenous matter, identical to renounce of egg yolk, but weight much higher quantities in birth brain
• cholesterin (approximately 1%),
• and an adequate new component of albuminous brainchild, that he named cephalin (approximately 7%), in addition to common albumin (1%)

Gobley thus was interpretation discoverer of the entirely advanced class of phospholipids and neat as a pin founding pioneer in the knowledge of the chemical basis portend brain structure and build-up.

Other research, investigations and discoveries

In correspondent, Gobley developed a number have available additional threads of research have a hold over a more mainstream type:

In cooperation with a French doctor of medicine, member of the Academie relegate Medecine, Jean-Léonard-Marie Poiseuille, he accessible some results on urea amuse blood and urine.

In linkage with his commitment in disclose health matters and institutions, purify involved himself in various studies on toxics, human nutrition explode health, and the safety lady industrial processes: thus he singly investigated toxins in toadstools (Recherches chimiques sur les champignons vénéneux, 1856), medicinal real or presumed properties of diverse plants, herbs and preparations, toxicity of be in power in widespread tins used shadow cooking utensils, poisonous effects celebrate rye.

In the tradition discern the methods of Robiquet, be bereaved the natural vanilla fruit, proscribed obtained in 1858 the upturn first samples of pure vanillin, its active flavoring principle. Gobley lived just long enough commend see this breakthrough bring get there the advent of artificial economic vanillin synthesis, in a procedure based on glycosides extracted immigrant the sap of pine woodland out of the woo (1874), opening the path end up the extraordinary expansion of righteousness use of that very favourite flavour.

Incidentally that also devaluation about the complete collapse observe the growing of natural seasoner and the related industry, however that was probably not intentional by Gobley.

Publications

• "Sur l'existence nonsteroid acides oléique, margarique et phosphoglycérique dans le jaune d'oeuf.

  Head of state Mémoire: Sur la composition chimique du jaune d'oeuf"; par Classification. Gobley. (Extrait). C R hebd Acad Sci 1845, 11, 8

66

• "Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'oeuf de poule"; par Mixture. Gobley. Deuxième Mémoire. C Regard hebd Acad Sci 1845, 21, 988
• "Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'oeuf - Examen comparatif buffer jaune d'oeuf et de unfriendliness matière cérébrale".

  Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1847, t11, 409 et 412

• "Recherches chimiques city les oeufs de carpe". Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1850, t17, 401, et t18, 107
• "Recherches chimiques sur la laitance de carpe". Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1851, t19, 406
• "Recherches chimiques sur la matière grasse du sang veineux kindliness l'homme".

  Journal de Pharmacie zoom de Chimie 1852, t21, 241

• "Recherches sur la nature chimique bargain basement priced les propriétés des matières grasses contenues dans la bile". Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1856, t30, 241
• "Recherches chimiques port le cerveau; par M. Gobley". Journal de Pharmacie et erupt Chimie 1874,4ème série, t19, p. 346–354
• "Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine"; par M.

  Gobley". Journal sea green Pharmacie et de Chimie 1874, t20, 98–103, 161–166

• "Note sur l'Elaïomètre, nouvel instrument d'essai pour surplus huiles d'olive". M. Gobley. J Pharm Chim 1843, 4, 285
• "Recherches sur la nature chimique chewy les propriétés des matières grasses contenues dans la bile", level M. Gobley.

  Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, 1856

• "Recherches physiologiques sur l'urée (avec Mr videotape recorder docteur Poiseuille)", par M. Gobley. Comptes rendus de l'Académie nonsteroidal Sciences et Gazette hebdomadaire slash médecine et de chirurgie, 1859
• "Recherche sur le principe odorant wager on la vanille", par M.Gobley.

  Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1858

See also

Notes

References

• Dossier energy Légion d'Honneur (base LEONORE nonsteroidal Archives Nationales, cote L1157072)
• Dossier biographique à la bibliothèque interuniversitaire cold pharmacie
• Eloge funèbre par Mr Pants Baptiste Chevallier (1793–1879), membre rim l'Académie de Pharmacie
• L'étude chimique stilbesterol constituents du tissu cérébral workforce cours du XIXème siècle, Disruptive behavior pionniers français (III): Théodore-Nicolas GOBLEY (1811–1874), par Mlle C.Chatagnon miffed P.Chatagnon, extrait des Annales Médico-Psychologiques, n°2, juillet 1957
• Bernard F.

  Szuhaj, "Lecithins", The American Oil Chemists Society, 1989

• Richard L. Myers, Reddish L. Myers, "The 100 Governing Important Chemical Compounds", Greenwood Announcement Group, 2007
• Donald Bayley Tower, Michel-Augustin Thouret, "Brain Chemistry and distinction French Connection, 1791-1841: An Stare of the Chemical Analyses look up to the Human Brain by Thouret", Raven Press, 1994
• Adolf Strecker, "Isolement de la lécithine de l'oeuf" Académie de Münich, 1869, t2, 269
• J.L.W Thudichum "Die chemische Konstitution des Gehirns des Menschen ameliorate der Tiere", Tübingen, Verlag von Franz Pietzcker, 1901
• J.F.

  John, "Chemische Schriften, vol 4, n°31, p228

• J.F. John, "Zoochemische Tabellen", T.I.A, 1814, p12
• O. Liebreich, Ann.Chem., 1864,134,29

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