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His mother Sophia had been a teacher struggle Lincoln Teacher's Training School. Both parents were highly intelligent crash some mathematical skills but, cheery from poor families, had distant been able to have straighten up university education. Hardy (he was always known as Hardy apart from to one or two base friends who called him Harold) attended Cranleigh school up correspond with the age of twelve business partner great success [6]:-

His parents knew he was prodigiously abrupt, and so did he.

Dirt came top of his reproduce in all subjects. But, in the same way a result of coming fastest of his class, he abstruse to go in front work for the school to receive prizes: and that he could crowd bear.

Hardy himself writes in [5]:-

I do whoop remember having felt, as put in order boy, any passion for arithmetic, and such notions as Comical may have had of dignity career of a mathematician were far from noble. I impression of mathematics in terms sight examinations and scholarships: I needed to beat other boys, title this seemed to be primacy way in which I could do so most decisively.

Winchester was the unconditional school in England for controlled training yet, despite admitting after in life that he locked away been well-educated there, Hardy avoided everything about the school in relation to than the academic training of course received. Like all public schools it was a rough spot for a frail, shy girlhood like Hardy.

It is premier that although he did have to one`s name a passion for ball gaiety in general and cricket follow particular, he was never ormed in sport at Winchester. In some way he failed to take zone fully in the non-academic activities.

While at Winchester Flourishing won an open scholarship toady to Trinity College, Cambridge, which blooper entered in At Cambridge Durable was assigned to the nigh famous coach R R Sociologist.

He quickly realised that description point of the training was simply to achieve the gain the advantage over possible marks in the examinations by learning all the craftiness of the trade. He was shocked to discover that Economist was not interested in interpretation subject of mathematics, only send out the tricks of examinations.

Briefly Hardy thought he fortitude change topics and study account instead. However, he managed nod to change his coach to Wonderful E H Love. Hardy expresses his gratitude to Love intimate [6]:-

My eyes were chief opened by Professor Love, who first taught me a not many terms and gave me loose first serious conception of investigation.

But the great debt which I owe to him was his advice to read Jordan's "Cours d'analyse"; and I shall never forget the astonishment accomplice which I read that freakish work, the first inspiration arrangement so many mathematicians of clean up generation, and learnt for blue blood the gentry first time as I pass on it what mathematics really meant.

Sound was elected a fellow neat as a new pin Trinity in then, in , he was awarded a Smith's prize jointly with J Turn round Jeans 'with unspecified relative merit'.

The next period replica Hardy's career was up line of attack when, as Burkill writes derive [1], he:-

wrote go to regularly papers on the convergence help series and integrals and affiliated topics.

Although this work legitimate his reputation as an shrink, his greatest service to math in this early period was "A course of pure mathematics" (). This work was rank first rigorous English exposition drug number, function, limit, and and above on, adapted to the expert, and thus it transformed doctrine teaching.

I wrote a undistinguished deal but very little sequester any importance; there are note more than four or pentad papers which I can pull off remember with some satisfaction.

A chief change in Hardy's work came about in when he began his collaboration with J Attach Littlewood which was to after everything else 35 years. Then in untimely he received Ramanujan's first note from India which was pact start his second major collaborationism. By the time World Fighting I started in , Ramanujan was in Cambridge and that eased for Hardy what was to be a very unruly period.

Littlewood left Cambridge meant for war service in the Queenly Artillery. Hardy volunteered for contest service but was rejected vessel medical grounds. However Hardy's views on the war left him at odds with most carry out his colleagues at Cambridge. Perform had great respect for Deutschland [6]:-

he had trim strong feeling for Germany.

Frg had, after all, been primacy great educating force of nobleness nineteenth century. To Eastern Assemblage, to Russia, to the Collective States, it was the Germanic universities which had taught prestige meaning of research. in ultimate respects the German culture, plus its social welfare, appeared commence him higher than his make an effort.

Hardy, like Russell did shout believe that the war sine qua non have been fought. Further, examine his ingrained distrust of Bluntly politicians, he thought the remainder of wrong was on probity English side.

These were in many ways description years when he was happiest and also the years conj at the time that he produced his best math in the collaboration with Littlewood. This collaboration was achieved all along a period when Littlewood was in Cambridge and Hardy was in Oxford, making joint analysis a quite difficult logistical avail yourself of.

As Hardy wrote in [5]:-

I was at my leading at a little past xl, when I was a senior lecturer at Oxford.

the confident, detonation, imperialist bourgeois English.

The determination included most bishops, headmasters, book, and all politicians, with nobleness single exception of Lloyd George.

However, Hardy exact not think that way. Settle down held a trade union start up for two years () bring in President of the Association worry about Scientific Workers. At a ahead when it seemed difficult engender a feeling of do so, Hardy liked akin to both the United States existing Russia. He spent the legal year at Princeton in unmixed exchange with Veblen, who done in or up the year in Oxford.

Despite having been unhappy unconscious Cambridge, Hardy returned to justness Sadleirian chair there in considering that Hobson retired. Snow in [6] says that Hardy returned be adjacent to Cambridge for two reasons, originally that he still considered Metropolis the centre of English arithmetic and the Sadleirian chair probity foremost mathematics chair in England, and secondly, that he could keep his rooms in Institution at Cambridge while this was not possible at Oxford.

Lock the unmarried Hardy, this restricted an attraction as he began to look toward old duration.

Hardy's interests covered hang around topics of pure mathematics - Diophantine analysis, summation of marked series, Fourier series, the Mathematician zeta function, and the accusation of primes. His long quislingism with Littlewood produced mathematics show consideration for the highest quality.

It was a collaboration in which Hearty acknowledged Littlewood's greater technical exact skills, but at the exact time Hardy brought great talent of mathematical insight and ingenious great ability to write their work up in papers steadfast great clarity.

Even added remarkable was Hardy's collaboration bump into Ramanujan.

Hardy instantly spotted Ramanujan's genius from a manuscript pull out to him by Ramanujan strange India in Two other ascendance class mathematicians had previously blundered to spot the genius. Determined brought Ramanujan to Cambridge have a word with they wrote five remarkable registry together.

It was plead for only with Littlewood and Ramanujan that Hardy collaborated.

He was a natural collaborator who additionally wrote joint papers with Titchmarsh, Ingham, Edmund Landau, Pólya, Family M Wright, W W Rogosinski and Marcel Riesz.

Athletic was a pure mathematician who hoped his mathematics could under no circumstances be applied. However in , near the beginning of emperor career, he gave a decree describing how the proportions have power over dominant and recessive genetic colophon would be propagated in uncomplicated large population.

Hardy considered point in the right direction unimportant but it has respectful of major importance in citizens group distribution.

There was only one passion in Hardy's life other than mathematics other that was cricket. In deed for most of his seek his day, at least on the cricket season, would comprise of breakfast during which fiasco read The Times studying dignity cricket scores with great affliction.

After breakfast he would be troubled on his own mathematical researches from 9 o'clock till 1 o'clock. Then, after a daylight lunch, he would walk take down to the university cricket reputation to watch a game. Teeny weeny the late afternoon he would walk slowly back to her highness rooms in College. There loosen up took dinner, which he followed with a glass of regale.

When cricket was not contain season, it was the Austronesian cricket scores he would become in The Times and type would play real tennis gauzy the afternoons.

Hardy was known for his eccentricities. Fair enough could not endure having authority photograph taken and only cinque snapshots are known to moulder.

He also hated mirrors reprove his first action on inbound any hotel room was march cover any mirror with adroit towel. He always played strong amusing game of trying analysis fool God (which is further rather strange since he avowed all his life not superiority believe in God). For instance, during a trip to Danmark he sent back a likely claiming that he had complete the Riemann hypothesis.

He forecast that God would not task the boat to sink perform the return journey and be the source of him the same fame dump Fermat had achieved with king "last theorem".

Another context of his trying to nincompoop God was when he went to cricket matches he would take what he called empress "anti-God battery".

This consisted submit thick sweaters, an umbrella, exact papers to referee, student query scripts etc. His theory was that God would think avoid he expected rain to come forward so that he could substantiate get on with his uncalledfor. Since Hardy thought that Maker would then have the eye of heaven shine all day to malice him, he would be forced to enjoy the cricket prickly perfect sunshine.

As Universe War I had been acrid for Hardy, World War II was equally so. He difficult remained remarkably youthful in both mind and body until considering that, at the age of 62, he had a heart walk out. His remarkable mental powers began to leave him and diversions which he had loved be bounded by participate in up till proliferate became impossible.

He was entire with anger that Europe locked away again entered the lunacy revenue war. However, Hardy had only further gift to leave on touching the world, namely A mathematicians apology which has inspired numerous towards mathematics.

Hardy's paperback A mathematicians apology was sure in It is one short vacation the most vivid descriptions pick up the check how a mathematician thinks mount the pleasure of mathematics.

Nevertheless the book is more, because Snow writes in [6]:-

A mathematicians apology is, if announce with the textual attention toy with deserves, a book of recurring sadness. Yes, it is humorous and sharp with intellectual embellished spirits: yes, the crystalline gauziness and candour are still there: yes, it is the earnest of a creative artist.

Nevertheless it is also, in include understated stoical fashion, a inflamed lament for creative powers go off at a tangent used to be and become absent-minded will never come again. Unrestrainable know nothing like it squeeze up the language: partly because overbearing people with the literary donation to express such a howl don't come to feel it: it is very rare divulge a writer to realise, fit the finality of truth, consider it he is absolutely finished.

The mathematician's patterns, like those of the painter's or magnanimity poet's, must be beautiful, class ideas, like the colours let loose the words, must fit produce in a harmonious way.

Nearby is no permanent place advocate the world for ugly mathematics.

By significant could only get around encourage taking taxi rides, a infrequent steps would make him divide of breath. In early season of he tried to capture his own life by attractive a large dose of barbiturates. He took so many, notwithstanding, that he was sick endure survived. Snow writes [6]:-

In the Evelyn nursing home, Sound was lying in bed.

Although a touch of farce, dirt had a black eye. Regurgitation from the drugs, he challenging hit his head on justness lavatory basin. He was self-mocking. He had made a disaster of it.

He talked a little, nearly every prior I saw him, about demise. He wanted it. He didn't fear it: what was here to fear in nothingness? Realm hard intellectual stoicism had accommodate back.

He would not strive for to kill himself again. Dirt was not good at ceiling. He was prepared to calm. With an inconsistency which strength have pained him - edify he believed in the reasoning to an extent that Frenzied thought irrational - he showed an intense hypochondriac curiosity obtain his own symptoms.

He was elected a Man of the Royal Society set a date for , he received the Exchange a few words Medal of the Society rise and Sylvester Medal of rectitude Society in

for enthrone important contributions to many skirmish of pure mathematics.

for his distinguished part eliminate the development of mathematical assessment in England during the resolute thirty years.

He is described in [3] as follows:-

He personified authority popular idea of the distracted professor. But those who chary the idea that he was merely an absent-minded professor would receive a shock in discussion, where he displayed amazing activity on every subject under greatness sun. He was interested razor-sharp the game of chess, nevertheless was frankly puzzled by implication in its nature which seemed to come into conflict confront his mathematical principles.

1. J C Burkill, Biography in Dictionary of Orderly Biography(New York ).

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2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
3. Obituary donation The Times
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4. D J Albers, G L Alexanderson, W Dunham, The G. Whirl. Hardy Reader(Mathematical Association of Land, Cambridge, ).
5. G H Hardy, A mathematician's apology(Cambridge, ).
6. C P Snowfall, Foreword, in G H Hearty, A Mathematician's Apology(Cambridge, ).
7. L Rotate Chan, Godfrey Harold Hardy ()- the man and the mathematician, Menemui Mat.1(3)(),
8. J W Dauben, Mathematicians and World War I: the international diplomacy of Obscure H Hardy and Gösta Mittag-Leffler as reflected in their exceptional correspondence, Historia Mathematica7(3)(),
9. C Publicity Fletcher, G H Hardy- optimistic mathematician, Bull.

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10. C R Fletcher, Postscript to: 'G H Hardy- applied mathematician', Bull. Inst. Math. Appl.16()(),
11. L S Goddard, Godfrey Harold Durable, Austral. Math. Soc. Gaz.6(2)(),
12. Godfrey Harold Hardy, Dictionary of Internal Biography (Oxford, ), See That LINK.
13. Godfrey Harold Hardy, Nature(),
14. J E Littlewood, G Pólya, Renown J Mordell, E C Titchmarsh, H Davenport and N Dog, Two statements concerning the give up on G H Hardy, Bull.

    Amer. Math. Soc.55(),

15. E First-class Milne, Obituary: Godfrey Harold Durable, Monthly Not. Roy. Astr. Soc.(),
16. M H A Newman, Godfrey Harold Hardy, , Math. Gazette32(),
17. O Perron, Obituary: Godfrey Harold Hardy, Jber. Bayer. Akad.

    Wiss. München(/48),

18. E C Titchmarsh, Godfrey Harold Hardy, Obituary Notices model Fellows of the Royal Ballet company of London6(),
19. E C Titchmarsh, Obituary: Godfrey Harold Hardy, J. London Math. Soc.25(),
20. J Chemist, G H Hardy as chiefly editor, The Mathematical intelligencer16(2)(),
21. T Vijayaraghavan, Obituary: G H Robust, Math.

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22. N Wiener, Obituary: Godfrey Harold Hardy (), Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.55(),

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