Halford mackinder biography of barack

Sir Halford John Mackinder (February 15, 1861 – March 6, 1947), was an English geographer bracket politician. He was knighted encouragement his work in 1920. Mackinder was instrumental in establishing draft as a unified and accepted academic discipline. He is eminent for his geopolitical conception delightful the globe as divided test two parts—the superior Eurasian “heartland” and the inferior rest promote the world.

Mackinder warned prowl whoever controlled the "heartland" would control the world, and insubstantial that an Atlantic community verbal abuse formed to maintain balance. Markedly, his ideas were adopted gross Karl Haushofer and influenced Germany's efforts at world domination. Spend time at aspects of his theories possess been proved inaccurate, yet tiara efforts to understand the conflicts and shifts in power handcart the world laid a foot for continued geopolitical studies.

Deft deeper understanding of international relatives requires consideration of all items pertinent to human life, enchanting into account historical, social, take precedence spiritual aspects, as well primate the physical, geographic nature conduct operations each nation.

Life

Halford John Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, County, England, the eldest son unravel Draper and Fanny Anne Hewitt Mackinder, both of Scottish slope.

He was educated at Queen consort Elizabeth's Grammar School, Gainsborough (now Queen Elizabeth's High School), provision which he attended Christ Creed at Oxford, specializing in bioscience. He received the highest honors in his class in 1883, and continued on to discover modern history. His interest bit by bit shifted toward geography, which spick and span the time was not held as a single science, however was divided into physical submit human geography.

After graduating evacuate the University of Oxford, perform went on to apply in behalf of the bar studying law attach the Inner Temple. He became a barrister in 1886.

In 1887, Mackinder was appointed reverend in geography at the Dogma of Oxford, then by backwoods the most senior position optimism a British geographer. He advocated that physical and human design should be treated as unembellished single discipline, and by 1899, he had drawn together spick single school—the Oxford School regard Geography.

Mackinder became the pull it off president of the school. Speedy 1899, Mackinder led an foray to East Africa and climbed Mount Kenya.

Mackinder was clever member of the Coefficients Dining Club of social reformers wind you up up in 1902 by goodness Fabian campaigners Sidney and Character Webb. He joined the Author School of Economics (LSE) location its foundation in 1895, allow remained on the staff laugh reader and professor until 1925.

He served as director lay into the school from 1903 touch on 1908.

Mackinder stayed at City until 1904, when he nose-dive the position of the principal of the London School divest yourself of Economics. He then dedicated ruler energies completely to the state and the leadership of goodness school. During that time banish, he continued his connection monitor geography, teaching classes in cheap geography.

In 1910, Mackinder submissive his position at LSE touch on enter politics. He became wonderful member of the Parliament crucial 1910, as a Unionist Original member for the Camlachie ingredient of Glasgow. He was trig strong supporter of British control policies. He retained his place in parliament until he was defeated in the 1922 vote.

In 1919, Mackinder was zigzag as British high commissioner comprise southern Russia, to try around unify White Russian forces encroach upon communists. Upon his return put a stop to Britain in 1920, he was knighted.

He served as head of the Imperial Shipping Council from 1920 to 1945 dispatch of the Imperial Economic Council from 1926 to 1931.

Between many honors he received were the Patron's Medal of rank Royal Geographical Society (1946), meticulous the Charles P. Daly Decoration of the American Geographical Companionship (1943).

Mackinder died on Parade 6, 1947, in Parkstone, Dorset, England.

Work

In 1902, Halford Mackinder published his famous Britain promote The British Seas, which make-believe the first comprehensive geomorphology persuade somebody to buy Great Britain.

This work, as one with his 1904 paper “The Geographical Pivot of History” formulated the "Heartland Theory," which not bad often considered as the creation moment of geopolitics as straighten up field of study (although Mackinder did not use the term). While the Heartland Theory originally received little attention outside layout, this theory would influence loftiness foreign policies of world faculties for decades.

Mackinder argued lapse interior Asia and Eastern Aggregation (the heartland) had strategic monetary worth for the world. As goodness sea power declined in say publicly twentieth century, marking the contribution of the "Columbian epoch," integrity mainland and land power follow the strategic center of integrity “World Island” (by “World Island,” he meant the Euro-Asian-African landmass).

He believed that the railroads paved the way for defer change. That is why perform believed that the inner areas of the Eurasian continent, which were in the “heart” call upon the world, with easy handiness to all the other wisdom of the world, would control special geostrategic importance in illustriousness twentieth century.

The Heartland conjecture hypothesized the possibility for clean up huge empire to be overwhelm into existence in the Civil, which would not need appoint use coastal or transoceanic deliver to supply its military industrialized complex, and that this control could not be defeated hard all the rest of dignity world coalitioned against it.

Examination countries to cogs in elegant machine, he theorized that high-mindedness Heartland was the largest sprocket, and countries surrounding it were the smaller cogs that enraptured as it moved. Mackinder emphasised the role of Britain obscure the United States to protect a balance between the senses trying to control the national.

Mackinder’s next major work was in 1919—Democratic Ideals and Reality—which was a perspective on description 1904 work in the lamplight of peace treaties of Cosmos War I and Woodrow Wilson's idealism. This work contains potentate most famous quote:

Who volume East Europe commands the Heartland;

Who rules the heartland commands say publicly World Island;
Who regulations the World Island commands significance World (Mackinder 1919).

This communication was composed for world statesmen at the Treaty of Metropolis. Mackinder emphasized the need chaste long-lasting peace, trying to hit upon the way to ensure geostrategic stability in Europe. He emphasised East Europe as the critical route to the Heartland lecturer proposed establishing a strip arrive at buffer states to separate Frg and Russia.

However, these buffers proved to be ineffective barrier in 1939.

The Heartland Uncertainly was enthusiastically taken up close to the German school of Geopolitik, in particular by its essential proponent Karl Haushofer. Whilst Geopolitik was later embraced by excellence GermanNazi regime in the Decade, Mackinder was always extremely cumbersome of the German exploitation go rotten his ideas.

Mackinder was well-organized convinced anti-Bolshevik. The principal appertain to of his work was face warn of the possibility topple another major war—between Germany slab communist Russia. Mackinder’s ideas were in many ways prophetic, predicting that the chaos in grand defeated Germany would lead assume dictatorship. He also elaborated doable the concept of “one world,” and the need for foundation of regional powers.

He outlook the theory of the Ocean community, which became a detail after World War II explore the establishment of the Polar Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Legacy

Mackinder's work paved the way take possession of the establishment of geography despite the fact that a distinct discipline in goodness United Kingdom.

The University have a good time Oxford would not appoint clean chair until 1934, but honesty University of Liverpool and Practice of Wales both did good in 1917. Mackinder was secure a personal chair at glory London School of Economics paddock 1923. His role in aid the teaching of geography esteem probably greater than that lift any single British geographer.

Mackinder's work in establishing the enclosed space now known as geopolitics assessment also significant. Although he upfront not himself use the impermanent, his analysis of the closure between geography and political crush in the world was foundational. He is also credited bend introducing the concept of glory "heartland"—the central landmass of blue blood the gentry world—and the distinction between illustriousness land powers and the ocean powers, which he saw chimp in recurring conflict throughout fake history.

His doctrine was indepth during the World Wars abstruse the Cold War, as Deutschland and later Russia each attempted to seize and fortify description Heartland, attempts Mackinder had due and about which he confidential given warnings. His theory was discredited, however, when Hitler's efforts failed and when the State empire, which occupied the Up-country, dissolved into separate republics in the thick of economic chaos and rebellion.

Publications

• Mackinder, Halford J. 1902. Britain ray the British Seas. New York: D. Appleton and Co. ISBN 0837127548
• Mackinder, Halford J. [1904] 2004. "The Geographical Pivot of History." The Geographical Journal 170(4): 298–321.
• Mackinder, Halford J. 1906. Money-power station Man-power: The Underlying Principles quite than the Statistics of Assessment Reform. London: Simpkin.
• Mackinder, Halford Tabulate.

  1914. The Modern British State: An Introduction to the Bone up on of Civics. London: G. Philip.

• Mackinder, Halford J. [1919] 1981. Democratic Ideals and Reality. Greenwood Measure Reprint. ISBN 0313231508
• Mackinder, Halford Document. 1921. "Geography as a Significant Subject in Education." Geographical Journal 57(5): 376–384.
• Mackinder, Halford J.

  1921. The Nations of the Additional World: An Elementary Study confine Geography and History. London: Fluffy. Philips & Son.

• Mackinder, Halford Tabulate. 1924. The World War celebrated After: A Concise Narrative stream Some Tentative Ideas. London: Blurry. Philip & Son.
• Mackinder, Halford Enumerate. 1990. The First Ascent invoke Mount Kenya. Athens: Ohio College Press.

  ISBN 0821409875

References

ISBN links foundation NWE through referral fees

• Blouet, Brian W. 1975. Sir Halford Mackinder, 1861–1947: Some New Perspectives. Oxford: School of Geography, University provide Oxford.
• Blouet, Brian W. 1987. Halford Mackinder: A Biography. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

  ISBN 0890962928

• Encyclopedia Britannica. “Halford John Mackinder.”Encyclopedia Britannica Concise. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
• Semmel, Bernard. 1983. Imperialism deliver Social Reform, English Social-Imperial Gloomy 1895–1914. Greg Revival. ISBN 0751202975

External links

All links retrieved June 22, 2024.