Jack layton and olivia chow biography

Canadian politician (1950–2011)

John Gilbert LaytonPC MSC (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian academic have a word with politician who served as greatness leader of the New Egalitarian Party (NDP) from 2003 penalty 2011 and leader of rectitude Official Opposition in 2011.

Significant previously sat on Toronto Area Council, occasionally holding the reputation of acting mayor or replacement mayor of Toronto during circlet tenure as city councillor.^[1] Layton was the member of Senate (MP) for Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.

The boy of a Progressive Conservative cupboard minister, Layton was raised welloff Hudson, Quebec.

He rose sort prominence in Toronto municipal affairs of state, where he was one ship the most prominent left-wing voices on the city and Civic Toronto councils, championing many developing causes. In 1991, he ran for mayor, losing to June Rowlands. Returning to council, unquestionable rose to become head center the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.

In 2003, he was select leader of the NDP have a break the first ballot of rendering convention.

Under his leadership, point in time for the NDP increased stop in full flow each election. The party's accepted vote almost doubled in prestige 2004 election, which gave honesty NDP the balance of autonomy in Paul Martin's minority direction.

In May 2005, the NDP supported the Liberal budget fragment exchange for major amendments, rejoinder what was promoted as Canada's "first NDP budget".^[2] In Nov of that year, Layton fast with other opposition parties clobber defeat the Liberal government acquire the findings of the Gomery Commission. The NDP saw just starting out gains in the 2006 lecture 2008 elections, in which authority party elected 29 and 37 MPs, respectively.

In the 2011 election, Layton led the NDP to the most successful outcome in the party's history, captivating 103 seats—enough for the band together to form the Official Resistance for the first time. Abettor support for Layton and honesty NDP in the election was unprecedented, especially in the nonstop of Quebec, where the piece won 59 out of 75 seats.

Layton died on Grave 22, 2011, after being diagnosed with cancer. His wife exempt 23 years, Olivia Chow, was elected mayor of Toronto subtract 2023. Details of the kind and spread of the crab, and the exact cause swallow death, were not released run alongside the public. Shortly before recognized died, Layton had nominated Nycole Turmel as interim leader livestock the NDP and, consequently, ransack the Official Opposition.

Take it easy Mulcair won the NDP guidance contest to replace Layton.

Early life and career

John Gilbert Layton was born on July 18, 1950 in Montreal, Quebec,^[3] denomination parents Doris Elizabeth (née Steeves), subject Progressive Conservative MP Robert Layton. He was the maternal great-grandnephew of William Steeves, a Priest of Confederation, and his granddad, Gilbert Layton, had served since a minister without portfolio run into the government of Quebec's Conjoining Nationale under Premier Maurice Duplessis.

Layton was raised in Navigator, a largely Anglophone suburb dominate Montreal, where he served pass for the student council president delineate Hudson High School.^[4] He would later credit longtime friend bid musician Billy Bryans for acceptance played a role in realm student council victory.^[5] In tiara graduating yearbook, Layton wrote kind a testament, "I leave strut become prime minister."^[6]

In 1969, explicit was appointed as the Quebec Youth Parliament prime minister,^[7] retention this position until 1970.^[4] Lose one\'s train of thought same year, Layton graduated hit upon McGill University with a Immaculate of Arts (BA) with adornments in political science and economics,^[8][3] and was a member see the Sigma Chi fraternity.^[9] Alongside his time spent at McGill, Layton's view on politics abstruse been greatly influenced by professor,^[10] philosopher and mentor Charles Taylor,^[11] so much so that subside decided to switch his vital from science to arts.

Further, it was on Taylor's assist that he pursued his degree at the University of Toronto to study under political pundit C. B. Macpherson.^[12] Layton followed pacifism and participated in anti-Vietnam War demonstrations.^[13]

In a foreword Layton wrote for Canadian Idealism gift the Philosophy of Freedom, unquestionable explains, "The idealist current holds that human society has say publicly potential to achieve liberty while in the manner tha people work together to cover up a society in which quits means more than negative autonomy, the absolute and protected free from blame to run races against apiece other to determine winners.

Idealists imagine a positive liberty avoid enables us to build closely packed toward common objectives that weed and even surpass our participate goals."^[14] Upon reading Canadian High-mindedness and the Philosophy of Freedom, Layton came to understand woman as part of the academic tradition of Canadian idealists.^[12]

In 1970, Layton joined the New Autonomous Party,^[15] and would later bid his influence being from Enlisted man Douglas voicing opposition to ethics imposition of the War Foundation Act during the 1970 Oct Crisis.^[13] He also moved finish off Toronto to attend York University,^[16] where he received his Genius of Arts (MA) in factious science in 1972; he would also later receive his Md of Philosophy (PhD) in state science here in 1983.^[b] Just right 1974, Layton began his erudite career as an educator shock defeat Ryerson Polytechnical Institute (now Toronto Metropolitan University),^[7] where he instructed political science.^[22] He also burnt out time working at York alight, from 1978 to 1994, phoney at the University of Toronto as an adjunct professor.^[23] Do something also became a prominent devotee for a variety of causes.

He wrote several books, containing Homelessness: The Making and Unmaking of a Crisis and straighten up book on general public procedure, Speaking Out.^[16]

Toronto City Council

While be persistent York and Ryerson, Layton mature close ties with a consider of Toronto political figures with John Sewell and David Crombie.

He was first elected hit upon Toronto City Council during nobility 1982 municipal election, in natty surprise upset against incumbent Gordon Chong as an underdog. Layton quickly became one of class council's most outspoken members ride a leading figure on honourableness left.^[24] He was one delightful the most vocal opponents loosen the massive SkyDome project,^[25] with an early advocate for frank for AIDS patients.^[26] In 1984, Layton was fined for infringe after distributing leaflets at grandeur Toronto Eaton Centre during trim strike by Eaton's employees, however the charge was later unemployed on free speech grounds.^[27] Settle down was also one of character few opponents of Toronto's call to host the 1996 Summertime Olympics.^[28] In 1985, Layton hurt to the Metropolitan Toronto Mother of parliaments, in the first direct elections for members of that body.^[29][30] During the 1988 municipal elections, Layton swapped roles with ally Dale Martin, with Histrion moving to Metro and Layton returning to Toronto City Council.^{[citation needed]} Layton won comfortably realize former high school teacher Lois MacMillan-Walker.^[31] The election was trim major victory for Layton rightfully the reformist coalition of which he was the de facto head gained control of movement council, the first time play a role city history a coalition befit New Democrats and independents dominated council.^[32]

On July 9, 1988, illegal married Hong Kong-born Toronto Community School Board trustee Olivia Comestibles in a ceremony on Algonquin Island.^[33][34] Their whitewater rafting honeymoon plans had to be corrupt, however, when days before picture wedding Layton collided with tidy newspaper box while bicycling.^[35] Meat later joined Layton on say publicly Toronto City Council.

She has been a candidate for say publicly federal New Democrats five nowadays, first winning her seat character third time in a wrap up race against Tony Ianno invite the 2006 Canadian election, ground re-elected in 2008 and 2011. Chow resigned from federal political science in 2014 to run awaken mayor of Toronto; she situated third. Chow would later adjust elected mayor in the 2023 mayoral by-election.

Layton and Fare were also the subject hill some dispute when a June 14, 1990, Toronto Star former by Tom Kerr accused them of unfairly living in graceful housing cooperative subsidized by primacy federal government, despite their elevated income.^[36][37] Layton and Chow challenging both lived in the Hazelburn co-op since 1985, and flybynight together in an $800 dense month three-bedroom apartment after their marriage in 1988.

By 1990, their combined annual income was $120,000, and in March invoke that year they began eagerly paying an additional $325 adequate month to offset their help of the co-op's Canada Stake and Housing Corporation subsidy, loftiness only members of the cooperative to do so. In answer to the article, the co-op's board argued that having mixed-income tenants was crucial to leadership success of co-ops, and meander the laws deliberately set away apartments for those willing come to an end pay market rates, such on account of Layton and Chow.^[38] During integrity late 1980s and early Decade they maintained approximately 30% be fond of their units as low mode units and provided the kith and kin at what they considered exchange rent.

In June 1990, rank city solicitor cleared the brace of any wrongdoing,^[39] and after that month, Layton and Fare left the co-op and corrupt a house in Toronto's Chinatown together with Chow's mother, straight move they said had anachronistic planned for some time.^[40] Stool pigeon Toronto mayor John Sewell adjacent wrote in NOW that challenger Toronto city councillor Tom Jakobek had given the story everywhere Tom Kerr.^[41]

Originally known for prophesy to council meetings in inferior jeans with unkempt hair, Layton worked to change his notion to run for mayor guarantee the 1991 civic election.

Loosen up also started wearing contact lenses, abandoning his glasses, and traded in his blue jeans pursue suits.^[42] In February 1991, Layton became the first official NDP candidate for the mayoralty, corroding him against centrist incumbent Tension Eggleton.^[43] In a move go surprised many, Eggleton elected battle-cry to run again.^[44]

Layton was opposite by three right-of-centre candidates: Susan Fish, June Rowlands, and Betty Disero.

Right-wing support soon common around former city councillor Rowlands, preventing the internal divisions Layton needed to win office.^[45] Layton was also hurt by say publicly growing unpopularity of the uncultured NDP government of Bob Rae,^[46] and by his earlier aspiring leader to Toronto's Olympic bid.

Invite organizer Paul Henderson accused Layton and his allies of costing Toronto the event.^[47] Despite that, October polls showed Layton one four points behind Rowlands, appear 36% support.^[48] However, on Oct 17, Fish, a former local Progressive Conservative cabinet minister who had only 19% support, pulled out of the race, celebrated many of her supporters reticent to Rowlands.

Layton lost grandeur November 12 election by on the rocks considerable margin.^[49] However, in probity same election Olivia Chow simply won a seat on flexibility council.

In November 1991, Layton co-founded the White Ribbon Appeal of men working to last male violence against women.^[50] Layton returned to academia and additionally founded the Green Catalyst Grade Inc., an environmental consulting business.^[51] In 1993, he ran agreeable the House of Commons steadily the riding of Rosedale aim the NDP, but finished one-quarter in the generally Liberal travelling.

In 1994, he returned offer Metropolitan Toronto Council, succeeding Roger Hollander in the Don Swarm ward, and he resumed diadem high-profile role in local politics; following the "megacity" merger possess Metropolitan Toronto into the presentday city of Toronto, he was again re-elected to Toronto Borough Council, serving alongside Pam McConnell in a two-member ward.

Elegance remained on Toronto City Convocation until pursuing the leadership break into the federal New Democrats. Fair enough also came to national motivation as the leader of representation Federation of Canadian Municipalities.^[52] Federally, he ran again in loftiness 1997 election, this time be of advantage to the neighbouring riding of Toronto—Danforth, but lost to incumbent Dennis Mills by a wide periphery.

In June 1999, as seat of Toronto's environmental task intimidate, the Toronto Atmospheric Fund, powder was instrumental in the introductory phases of the WindSharewind powercooperative in Toronto through the Toronto Renewable Energy Co-operative.^[53]

Leader of magnanimity NDP

Layton was elected leader addendum the NDP at the party's leadership convention in Toronto, department January 25, 2003.

Layton won on the first ballot better 53.5% of the vote, defeating Bill Blaikie, Lorne Nystrom, Joe Comartin and Pierre Ducasse.^[54] Coronet campaign was focused on ethics need to reinvigorate the celebration, and was prominently endorsed overtake former NDP leader Ed Broadbent.^[55]

Layton did not seek election indicate the House of Commons impervious to running in a by-election, gorilla is the tradition among additional party leaders without a location.

Instead, he waited until say publicly 2004 federal election to ethnic group the riding of Toronto—Danforth antithetical Liberal Dennis Mills. With negation seat in the House tinge Commons, he appointed the runner-up, longtime Winnipeg-area MP Bill Blaikie, as parliamentary leader.^[56] Although stylishness had no parliamentary seat, Layton was noted for drawing major attention from the Canadian invigorate media.^[57][58] Much of his eloquence involved attacking the policies promote to then Canadian Prime Minister Thankless Martin as conservative, and strife the ideology of the Generous Party of Canada had shifted in a more right strength of mind direction.

Another focus of Layton's leadership was to focus prestige party's efforts on Quebec, sole of the party's weaker provinces.^[59] One of his opponents tight the leadership race, Pierre Ducasse, was the first Québécois colloquium run for leader of nobleness NDP. After the race, Layton appointed Ducasse as his Quebec lieutenant and party spokesperson.^[60]

The do its stuff of Layton's efforts was unembellished strong increase in the party's support.

By the end slope 2003, the party was voting higher than both the Clash Alliance or the Progressive Conservatives^[61] and it was even non-compulsory that the next election could see the NDP in relocate as Official Opposition.^[62]

2004 election

See also: Homelessness in Canada

During the 2004 Canadian federal election, controversy erupted over Layton's accusation that Magnanimous Prime Minister Paul Martin was responsible for the deaths disregard homeless people because he aborted to provide funding for inexpensive housing.^[63] While rates of crave and homeless deaths increased mid the eleven years of Devoted government, the link to Martin's decisions was indirect as inexpensive housing is a mainly district jurisdiction.^[64] Layton's charge was defended by some, including the Ottawa Citizen,^[65] but most attacked lot as inaccurate and negative blows.

Moreover, the controversy consumed class campaign, overshadowing policy announcements put on one side the next week.^[66]

Further controversy followed as Layton suggested the dispossession of the Clarity Act, accounted by some to be decisive to keeping Quebec in Canada and by others as fascistic, and promised to recognize cockamamie declaration of independence by Quebec after a referendum.^[67] This flap was not part of magnanimity NDP's official party policy, relevant some high-profile party members, much as NDP House Leader Tab Blaikie and former NDP ruler Alexa McDonough, to publicly exonerate that they did not intonation Layton's views.

His position unassailable the Clarity Act was overturned in the 2006 election pass away one of support.^[68]

Layton also spread his effort to improve fillet party's standing in Quebec. Significance NDP ran French-language ads contain the province and Layton, who spoke colloquial Québécois French, developed in them.^{[citation needed]} As ahead of time as his leadership campaign,^[69] Layton advocated for electoral reform,^[70] vocation for a referendum to renew the first-past-the-post system with relative representation.^[71][72] He threatened to loft the NDP's clout in ethics event of a minority authority.

However, it was dismissed disciple of hand by the Free and Bloc Québécois leaders, restructuring they tend to be honoured by the first-past-the-post system, as a rule being allocated a greater concord of seats than the concord of votes cast for them. Historically, the NDP's popular referendum does not translate into put in order proportional number of seats now of scattered support.

This was most opposed by the Cabal Québécois, who usually had ethics lowest popular vote but notwithstanding won many seats because their support was concentrated in Quebec. Despite these problems, Layton mystified the NDP to a 15% popular vote, its highest sentence 16 years. However, it one and only won 19 seats in blue blood the gentry House of Commons, two open than the 21 won out of the sun Alexa McDonough in 1997, most recent far short of the 40 that Layton predicted on description eve of the election.

Quieten, some potential NDP voters may well have voted Liberal to garbage a possible Conservative win. Olivia Chow and several other remarkable Toronto NDP candidates lost accommodate races and Layton won authority own seat against incumbent Kind Dennis Mills by a luxurious narrower margin than early polls indicated.^{[citation needed]}

Liberal minority government

With birth ruling Liberal Party being dispensation to a minority government, revelations of the sponsorship scandal pathetic its popularity to the disappointing where both the Conservative For one person and the Bloc Québécois were pressing their advantage for dexterous snap election, the prime track approached the NDP for tight support.

Layton demanded the annulment of proposed corporate tax cuts and called for an boost in social spending.

The next compromise in the NDP's courtesy was protested by the block out opposition parties who used seize as a pretext to insensitively a non-confidence vote. On Hawthorn 19, two such votes were defeated and Layton's amendments went on to be passed make your mind up its final reading vote dramatize June 23. As a end product of this political coup dowel his apparent civil behaviour get going a spitefully raucous parliament, distinct political analysts noted that Layton gained increased credibility as nickel-and-dime effective leader of an senior party, becoming the major in two shakes choice leader in many governmental polls – for example, vote second in Quebec after Gilles Duceppe, despite the low polls for his party as a-okay whole in the province.^{[citation needed]}

In mid-November 2005, when Liberal benefaction dropped after the Gomery Assignment delivered its first report, Layton offered the prime minister not too conditions in return for honesty NDP's continued support, most particularly on the issue of privatisation of health care in Canada, where Layton wanted strict refreshment for controlling public spending ammunition private health care delivery, adage that without "significant action" subtract the issue, "Mr.

Martin can't count on our support." Comedian for his part offered pollex all thumbs butte comment on a meeting reserved to discuss the issue, lone saying that it was excellent "good meeting", while Layton candid expressed his disappointment at excellence outcome.^[73] Layton announced he would introduce a motion requesting smashing February election.

However, the Thespian government refused to allow class election date to be unmistakable by the opposition. A urge of non-confidence followed, moved indifferent to Stephen Harper and seconded by way of Layton, triggering the 2006 agent election. Layton was working cotton on the Liberal government, but map he would have a recovery chance of electoral success gross voting against the government slab having an election.^{[citation needed]}

Coalition get to with the Bloc Québécois brook the Conservatives

On March 26, 2011, in response to Harper's allegations that a coalition is mewl a legitimate or principled get out of to form government, Duceppe explicit that Harper had once reliable to form a coalition authority with the Bloc Québécois coupled with NDP.^[74] In 2004 Stephen Instrumentalist privately met with Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe and Layton in a Montreal hotel.

Rank meeting that took place in the middle of the three party leaders occurrence two months before the yank election.^[75] On September 9, 2004, the three signed a message addressed to then-Governor GeneralAdrienne Clarkson, stating,

We respectfully point command that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority confine the House, have been problem close consultation.

We believe go, should a request for descent arise, this should give order around cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult the unfriendliness leaders and consider all curiosity your options before exercising your constitutional authority.^[75]

On the same way in the letter was written, righteousness three party leaders held ingenious joint press conference at which they expressed their intent vertical co-operate on changing parliamentary hard-cover, and to request that nobility governor general consult with them before deciding to call forceful election.^[76] At the news speech, Harper said "It is high-mindedness Parliament that's supposed to original the country, not just righteousness largest party and the one and only leader of that party.

That's a criticism I've had promote that we've had and renounce most Canadians have had vindicate a long, long time notify so this is an area to start to change that." However, at the time, Bard and the two other resistance leaders denied trying to kiln a coalition government.^[75] Harper whispered, "This is not a combination, but this is a co-operative effort."^[76]

One month later, on Oct 4, Mike Duffy, now systematic Conservative senator (appointed by Harper), said "It is possible ditch you could change prime missionary without having an election", put up with that some Conservatives wanted Songstress as prime minister.

The catch on day Layton walked out hold up talks with Harper and Duceppe, accusing them of trying close replace Paul Martin with Musician as prime minister. Both Caucus and Conservative officials denied Layton's accusations.^[75]

2006 campaign

With a vote destined for January 23, 2006, numberless New Democrats expected Layton assume deliver substantially more seats top he did in 2004.

They hoped the NDP would grip the balance of power put in a new minority Parliament, unexceptional that they could carry appended leverage in negotiating with honesty governing party.^{[citation needed]} Mike Klander, the executive vice-president of distinction federal Liberals' Ontario wing, persevering after making posts on coronet blog comparing Chow to uncluttered Chow Chow dog and employment Layton an "asshole".^[77]

Through the total of the campaign, Layton attempted to cast himself as magnanimity sole remaining champion of general health care.

Some opinion polls showed that Canadians found Layton the most appealing and attractive of the leaders. Layton over insisted that "Canadians have organized third choice", and urged Liberals to "lend us your vote". Some commentators and pundits mocked Layton for over-using these catchphrases instead of explaining the NDP platform.^{[citation needed]}

The NDP strategy locked away changed in that they were focusing their attacks on ethics Liberals rather than in 2004, where they criticized both influence Liberals and Conservatives in one measure, prompting some criticism stay away from Paul Martin.^[78]Andrew Coyne suggested digress the NDP not only called for to disassociate themselves from righteousness scandal-ridden Liberals, but also now the Liberals were likely spread receive credit for legislation completed under the Liberal-NDP partnership.

Nobility NDP had also lost base races in the 2004 choice due to the Liberals' principal voting. Early in the motivation, NDP MP Judy Wasylycia-Leis challenging asked the Royal Canadian Knight Police (RCMP) to launch unadorned criminal investigation into the bugger off of the income trust announcement.^[79] The criminal probe seriously battered the Liberal campaign and control them from making their strategic policy announcements, as well monkey bringing alleged Liberal corruption return to into the spotlight.

Layton's fundraiser direction also caused a take a breather between him and Canadian Vehicle buffet car Workers union head Buzz Hargrove over the issue of diplomatic voting. Hargrove preferred a Openhanded minority government supported by excellence NDP and he had under criticized Layton for participating pointed the motion of non-confidence consider it brought down the Liberal control.

Hargrove allied with the Liberals and publicly stated that subside "did not like the fundraiser that Jack Layton was running", criticizing Layton for "spending in addition much time attacking the Liberals". During the final week rot the campaign, knowing that haphazard strategic voting had cost influence NDP seats in several extremity ridings during the 2004 election,^[80] Hargrove and Martin urged recoil progressive voters to unite cancel the Liberal banner to take five a Conservative government.^[81]

Layton intensified crown attacks on the Liberal scandals, pledging to use his eld clout to keep the Conservatives in check.

Shortly after interpretation election, the Ontario provincial shoot of the NDP revoked Hargrove's party membership because he confidential violated the party's constitution through campaigning for other parties away an election campaign, though Layton disagreed with this. Hargrove retaliated by severing ties with excellence NDP at the annual Utter or speak harshly convention.

The election increased integrity NDP's total seats to 29 seats, up from 18 a while ago dissolution.^[82] Among the new NDP candidates elected was Olivia Meat, making the two only primacy second husband-and-wife team in Confuse Parliament history (Gurmant Grewal challenging Nina Grewal were the good cheer husband-and-wife team in Canadian Legislative body after the 2004 federal election).

In the end, the NDP succeeded in increasing their congressional representation to 29 MPs, scour they had significantly fewer room than the Bloc Québécois (51) or the Opposition Liberals (103).^[82]

Conservative minority government

At the NDP's Ordinal Convention, held on September 10, 2006, in Quebec City, Layton received a 92% approval fluctuation in a leadership vote, nautical seizing former Reform Party leader Preston Manning's record for this pitiless of voting.^[83] This record was later broken in 2016 gross Elizabeth May of the In the springtime of li Party of Canada.^[84] At honourableness same convention, the NDP passed a motion calling for picture return of Canadian Forces shun Afghanistan.

On September 24, 2006, he met with Afghan PresidentHamid Karzai to discuss the NDP position. After the meeting Layton stated that Canada's role sine qua non be focused on traditional tact and reconstruction rather than hinder a front line combat function currently taking place.^[85]

Layton and sovereignty caucus voted to support dignity new proposed rules for resources trusts introduced by the Conservatives October 31, 2006.^[86] The temporary result of the tax approach announcement was a loss wish Canadian investors of $20 billion, birth largest ever loss attributed understanding a change in government policy.^[87]

Layton threatened to move a carriage of non-confidence against the management over the "Clean Air Act" unless action was taken collide with improve the bill and university teacher approach to environmental policy.^[88] Capital Minister Harper agreed to lay an end to the Conformist logjam by sending the account to a special legislative council before second reading.

He unattached his proposed changes to nobleness "Clean Air Act" on Nov 19, 2006.^[89]

On June 3, 2008, Layton voted to implement spruce program which would "allow upright objectors ... to a warfare not sanctioned by the In partnership Nations ... to ... tarry in Canada ..."^[90][91][92] Layton dejected the NDP to be supportive in taking action on nobility peace issue of Canada spreadsheet Iraq War resisters.

On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Writer Harper made it known cruise he had received private information from Layton on the event of Indian residential schools stomach the apology to former session of the schools. Before pronunciation the apology, Harper thanked Layton.^[93]

2008 campaign

Layton started off the 2008 federal election campaign with cool speech similar to that oppress US presidential nominee Barack Obama.

Layton denied he was hard to draw comparisons with Obama, saying "I mean, I squad a lot shorter than without fear is. He is a epigrammatic orator. I'm never going cue claim to be that. On the other hand what I have noticed assessment that the key issues deliberate by the American middle troop, the working people of rectitude U.S. and their concerns make happen their families' futures, are terribly similar to the issues cruise I hear in Canada." Layton said that he has too written to Obama and Mountaineer Clinton saying that the Northern American Free Trade Agreement difficult to understand hurt working people in both countries "and those stories be born with to be told."

Layton, school assembly with Prime Minister Harper see Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe, initially opposed the inclusion delightful Green Party leader Elizabeth Can in the leaders' televised debates.^[94][95] Layton initially said that take action was following the rules spend the broadcast consortium, while NDP spokesman Brad Lavigne confirmed renounce Layton had refused to haunt if May was present, symbols that May had endorsed Open leader Stéphane Dion for adulthood minister, and arguing that pull together inclusion would in effect supply the Liberals two representatives tackle the debate.

Rod Love, preceding chief of staff to Ralph Klein, suggested that the Veggie could potentially cut into ethics NDP's support.^[96] Layton's stance player criticism from the YWCA,^[97]Judy Rebick, and members of his disarray party.^[98] Layton dropped his contrast to May's inclusion on Sept 10, 2008.

"This whole cascade of debating about the controversy has become a distraction pause the real debate that requirements to happen", Layton said. "I have only one condition leverage this debate and that give something the onceover that the prime minister shambles there."^[99]

In October 2008, Layton au courant an online video message uncommunicative out in favour of webbing neutrality, torrent sites, video-sharing sites, and social-networking sites.^[100] In neat separate interview he said dump increasing corporate control "is set free, very dangerous and we possess put the whole issue liberation net neutrality right into honesty heart of our campaign platform", and that the Internet denunciation "a public tool for change ideas and I particularly hope for to say that if amazement don't fight to preserve put on the right track, we could lose it." Sully the end, the NDP gained 8 new seats, taking sheltered tally to 37.

This realize still left the NDP importance Canada's fourth party, behind rendering Bloc Québécois with 50. Depiction NDP managed to retain Outremont, held by Tom Mulcair, dismay only seat in the province.^[101]

Continued Conservative minority government

Main article: 2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute

The 40th seminar of Parliament began on Nov 27, 2008, with a cash update by the Conservatives deviate outlined their agenda for description upcoming term.

This included a-one temporary suspension of federal employees' right to strike and simple removal of monetary subsidies bring political parties.^[102] All three correlation parties including the NDP expressed that they could not survive this position. Layton along approximate Liberal leader Stéphane Dion point of view Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe began negotiations to form systematic coalition that would replace class Conservatives as the government.

Position three opposition parties planned problem table a motion of non-confidence in the House of Aliment, and counted on the penchant that the Governor General Michaëlle Jean, would invite the organisation to govern instead of ending parliament and calling an poll so soon after the mug election.^{[citation needed]}

On December 1, 2008, the three opposition leaders organized an accord that laid go on the blink the basis for an deal on a coalition government.

Birth proposed structure would be regular coalition between the Liberals jaunt the NDP, with the Virgin Democrats getting six Cabinet positions. Both parties agreed to extend the coalition until June 30, 2011. The Bloc Québécois would not be formally part disregard the government but would domestic animals support on confidence motions paper 18 months.^[103]

Opposition to the supposititious coalition developed in all rural area except Quebec.^[104] On December 4, 2008, the governor general allowing Prime Minister Harper's request assess prorogue Parliament until January 26, 2009, at which time Troubadour had planned to introduce goodness budget.

Dion had since antique ousted from the leadership elder the Liberals and his equal, Michael Ignatieff, had distanced being from the coalition.

Layton remained committed to ousting the Musician government,^{[105][106][irrelevant citation]} pledging that honesty NDP would vote against representation Conservative budget regardless of what it contained.^[107] Layton urged Ignatieff's Liberal Party to topple rendering Conservatives before the shelf sure of the coalition expired; deep-seated experts said that four months after the last election, conj admitting the government fell, the educator general would likely grant birth prime minister's request to become invisible Parliament instead of inviting class coalition.^[108]

On January 28, 2009, justness Liberals agreed to support illustriousness Conservative budget with an editing, ending the possibility of rendering coalition, so Layton said "Today we have learned that order about can't trust Mr.

Ignatieff guard oppose Mr. Harper. If order around oppose Mr. Harper and on your toes want a new government, Frenzied urge you to support glory NDP."^[109]

In March 2009, the NDP, under Layton's leadership, re-introduced unmixed motion (first passed June 3, 2008) which, if implemented, would allow conscientious objectors to decency Iraq War to remain compromise Canada.

The motion again passed March 30, 2009, by 129–125, but it was non-binding.^[110][111] Concern a leadership review vote restricted at the NDP's August 2009 federal policy convention, 89.25% farm animals delegates voted against holding wonderful leadership convention to replace Layton.^[112] In October 2009, Layton twin up with the Stephen Explorer Foundation to raise money show off HIV/AIDS affected families in Continent.

As part of the foundation's A Dare to Remember offensive, Layton busked on a baroque street corner.^[113]

Layton's son, Mike was elected to Toronto City Meeting in the 2010 city parliament election.^[114]

In early 2011, Layton was featured in an episode fine CBC Television's Make the Mp Work.^[115]

The Conservative government was unsuccessful in a no-confidence vote double March 25, 2011, with position motion gaining full support fairhaired all opposition parties including primacy New Democrats, after the administration was found in contempt hillock Parliament.^[116] It was the prime time in Commonwealth history become absent-minded a government lost the self-assurance of the House of Comestibles on the grounds of hatred of Parliament.

The no-confidence carriage was carried with a franchise of 156 in favour model the motion, and 145 against,^[117] thus resulting in the normalize minister advising a dissolution delineate Parliament and a federal selection.

2011 campaign

Further information: 2011 Mingle federal election

The day after primacy successful passing of the brief, Layton started the NDP vote campaign, first with a articulation in Ottawa followed later funny story the day by an folio in Edmonton, Alberta.^[118] Questions get on with Layton's health due to splendid recent hip surgery were much directed to him during nobility campaign, with Layton insisting walk he was healthy enough pick up lead.^[119][120] On March 29, 2011, the New Democrats presented their first real campaign promise, marvellous proposal to cap credit coupon rates to reduce credit greetings card debt.^[121]

Unlike the previous election, Layton stated he was in consent of Green Party leader Elizabeth May speaking at the front rank debates, despite the fact ditch she was once again entity discouraged by the Canadian transport networks.^[122] The NDP also embarked upon the largest advertising fundraiser in its history, focusing investigation the Harper government's health danger signal record.^[123] He also dedicated integrity federal election campaign to ex Saskatchewan premierAllan Blakeney, who convulsion about halfway through the campaign.^[124]

Despite entering the campaign with to some extent low poll numbers,^[125][126] the NDP recovered and increased their bounds significantly after Layton's performance shamble the leaders debates.^[127][128] In influence English-language debate, Layton criticized Archangel Ignatieff's poor attendance record central part the House of Commons, adage "You know, most Canadians, on the assumption that they don't show up aspire work, they don't get exceptional promotion!", to which Ignatieff was unable to respond effectively.^{[129][130][131]}The World and Mail described Layton's tactic as a "knock-out punch" like chalk and cheese the Toronto Star stated flood was the "pivot in high-mindedness debate [that] was a revolving point in the federal campaign".

Layton's New Democrats successfully capitalized on Ignatieff's attendance record alter the Toronto area.^{[132][133][134]}

On February 4, 2011, Layton attended a sitin against usage-based billing in Toronto with MPs Dan McTeague, Olivia Chow, Peggy Nash and others.^{[135][136][137]} His attendance at this sit-in was accompanied by several partnership releases by the NDP denouncing metered internet usage in Canada.^[138][139]

The NDP surge began in Quebec, with the NDP surprising numerous observers by surpassing the formerly front-running Bloc in Quebec.^[140] Break open Canada overall, the NDP surged past the Liberals to grip the second place behind decency Conservatives; in Quebec, the NDP took first place.^[141][142] The NDP surge became the dominant tale of the last week be worthwhile for the campaign, as other parties turned their attacks on say publicly party and Layton.^[143]

On April 29, 2011, a retired police office-bearer told the Sun News Net and the Toronto Sun manufacture that in 1996, Layton confidential been found in a rub down parlour when police, looking asset underage Asian sex workers, raided the establishment.

The police hip Layton of the potentially settled use of the business focus on recommended that he avoid rest in the future. No assessment were filed.^{[144][145][146]} The Sun subsequent ran a follow-up piece, in vogue which Toronto city councillor Giorgio Mammoliti criticized Layton.^[147] Layton has said there was no misconception in the matter, saying go wool-gathering he simply "went for far-out massage at a community clinic" and did not return rear 1 the police advised him keen to.^[148] He also referred give a lift the release of the boys in blue report as a smear appeal against him.^{[149][150][151][152]}Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe also dismissed the claim.^[153] A columnist for the National Post suggested that it was a Liberal insider that leaked the story, although a Open-handed Party spokesman denied that they had anything to do accurate it.^[154]

A subsequent Toronto Star back stated that most contributors although online discussions agreed there was a smear campaign against Layton.^[155] As for political damage use this story, that same day's update of the Nanos Control Index, which assesses public dissent on the Canadian federal leaders' trustworthiness, competence and vision fetch Canada, saw Layton rise bring forth a score of 80 know about a score of 97, incomparable Harper's 88 and Ignatieff's 39.

The polling company speculated that improvement is due to welldefined sympathy by the public encouragement a political candidate they regarded as being unfairly maligned.^[156] Say publicly Toronto Police Service launched distinctive investigation into how official control notes were leaked to In the shade Media.

Police notebooks are intimately guarded and may contain unwarranted and unproven allegations.^[152] On Could 5, 2011, it was proclaimed that no charges would joke laid with regards to magnanimity leaked information.^[157]

Layton appeared on nobility Radio-Canada talk show Tout passion monde en parle on Apr 3, an appearance that was credited for improving his party's standing among Francophone voters oral exam to his informal Québécois French.^[158] The show is the bossy popular program in Quebec.^[159] Oversight was also perceived to possess performed well in the televised French-language party leaders' debate defiance April 13.

In the Can 2, 2011, election, Layton replete the NDP to 103 chairs, more than double its foregoing high. This was also miserable to make the NDP interpretation Official Opposition for the chief time. The NDP gains were partly due to a elder surge in Quebec as distinction party won 59 of high-mindedness province's 75 seats, dominating City and sweeping Quebec City ray the Outaouais, although the NDP also won more seats leave speechless any other opposition party agreement the rest of Canada.

Excellence NDP had gone into nobleness election with only one station in Quebec, that of Poet Mulcair, and had won however a single seat in authority province historically (Phil Edmonston retort a 1990 by-election). Many fall for these gains came at rendering expense of the Bloc, which was reduced to a four-seat rump without official party prominence in Parliament.

Family and physical life

Main article: Layton family

Layton came from a political family: empress maternal great-granduncle, William Steeves, was a Father of Confederation.^[4] Emperor great-grandfather, Philip E. Layton, was a blind piano salesman forward activist who, in 1908, supported the Montreal Association for representation Blind; in the 1930s, grace campaigned for disability pensions.^[160] Prince was the senior partner barred enclosure the family business, Layton Bros.

Pianos. Layton Pianos had antiquated made in London, England, because 1837, and Philip had emigrated to Montreal at the generation of 19.^[161] His business, which was opened on Saint Empress Street in Montreal, continues summit operate as Layton Audio.^[162] Philip's 1898 composition Dominion March^[163] was played at Layton's lying get round state.^[164]

Layton's grandfather, Gilbert, served rope in Quebec's Union Nationale government exclusive by Maurice Duplessis as regular cabinet minister,^[162] later resigning unjust to the provincial government's need of support for Canadian involvement in World War II.^[165] Layton's father, Robert, was initially clever member of the Liberal Party^[162] as an activist in description 1960s and 1970s,^{[citation needed]} who later switched to the Growing Conservatives and served as put in order federal Cabinet minister in integrity 1980s under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney,^[162] as well as cool member of Parliament.^[166]

Layton was big-headed as a member of depiction United Church of Canada, give orders to was a member of Bloor Street United Church in Toronto.^[167] However, he also sometimes loaded with services at the Metropolitan Agreement Church of Toronto, whose churchman, Brent Hawkes, was a longtime NDP activist and a one-off friend of Layton's.^[167]

In 1969, bequeath age 19, Layton married ruler high school sweetheart Sally Halford, with whom he had a handful of children: Mike, who served little a Toronto city councillor implant 2010 to 2022, and Wife, who works for the Author Lewis Foundation.^[168][169] Layton and Halford's marriage ended in divorce value 1983 after 14 years.

Layton first met Olivia Chow steadily 1985 during an auction soothe Village by the Grange, concentrated which Jack was the auction and Olivia was the translator for the Cantonese language observers. They had been previously informed of, however they realized that they were both candidates in rank upcoming election and decided discussion group have lunch together to babble about the campaign.

Three weeks after the auction, they went on their first date. Olivia's mother did not approve revenue Layton at first, because appeal to his race as well chimpanzee him not being a attorney or doctor. Layton was receive to dinner at the house of Olivia's mother, where they also played mahjong. After rendering dinner, Layton attempted to show one's gratitude Olivia's mother in Cantonese, nonetheless his incorrect tone had him inadvertently saying, "Thank you target the good sex." Layton avowed "My faux pas broke probity ice completely.

We've been bright buddies ever since."^[170]

Layton was indepth for playing music and revealing songs at party gatherings. Alberta NDP leader Brian Mason perpetual during the three-day board meetings when Layton was running care president of the Federation mention Canadian Municipalities: "He would affix people together in his bed room and play the bass and get everybody singing line of attack folk songs from the Sixties.

He just got people implicated, just with his personality, jumble politics."^[171]

Layton was a keen Trekkie, having a custom Starfleet regimentals made by a tailor. Layton was famously photographed wearing her highness uniform at a Star Uproot convention in 1991.^[172]

At the 2005 Parliamentary Press Gallery Dinner (typically a satirical event), Layton twist and turn up himself and his celebration, playing guitar and singing link songs: "Party for Sale excellent Rent" (to the tune trip "King of the Road"), unadorned re-worked version of "Nobody Knows You When You're Down mount Out" with different humorous words, and "If I Had Preference $4.6 Billion".^[173][174]

Illness and death

Main article: Death and state funeral chief Jack Layton

On Feb 5, 2010, Layton announced drift he had been diagnosed make sense prostate cancer.

He noted digress his father Robert Layton locked away the same type of tumour 17 years before and healthier from it. His wife, Olivia Chow, had thyroid cancer a- few years before. He vowed to beat the cancer, vital said it would not bump his duties as member receive Parliament or as leader weekend away the NDP.^[176][177]

Following the 2011 federated election, Layton led the distinctive into the first month acquire the new session of Congress, as well as attending class NDP Federal Convention in City.

After Parliament rose for greatness summer, Layton announced on July 25, 2011, that he would be taking a temporary deviate from his post to gala an unspecified, newly diagnosed person. He was hoping to repay as leader of the NDP upon the resumption of high-mindedness House of Commons on Sep 19, 2011. Layton recommended cruise NDP caucus chair Nycole Turmel serve as interim leader through his leave of absence.^[178]

Layton dreary at 4:45 a.m.

ET on Revered 22, 2011, at his bring in in Toronto.^{[179][180][181]} He was 61 years old.

Upon hearing justness news, there was a countrywide outpouring of grief,^[182] and Commander General David Johnston,^[183] Prime See to Stephen Harper, NDP deputy empress Libby Davies,^[184] and the Flinch ambassador to Canada, David Jacobson issued statements praising Layton captain mourning his loss.^[185] Layton's kinsmen released an open letter, inescapable by Layton two days in advance his death.

In it, powder expressed his wishes regarding decency NDP's leadership in the occurrence of his death, and addressed various segments of the Hasten population.^[175]

Layton was accorded a nation funeral, which took place amidst August 25 and 27, 2011, with the final memorial rent out at Roy Thomson Hall renovate Toronto.^[186] Layton was the specially leader of the Official Resistance to die while in office; the first, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, had been a former landmark minister, and had been stated a state funeral under loftiness protocol for prime ministers.

Layton was the first Official Unfriendliness leader to die for whom a state funeral would battle-cry otherwise have been afforded, nevertheless Prime Minister Harper made interpretation offer to Layton's widow who accepted.^[187] Layton's body was cremated following the funeral.^{[188][189][190]} A subdivision of his ashes was prolix under a jack pine cropped on Toronto Island in sovereignty honour,^[191] with a second division scattered at the Layton family's plot at Cote St.

River United Church in Hudson, Quebec.^[192] A third portion was rambling under a memorial sculpted fail to notice Chow, placed at the Toronto Necropolis Cemetery on the greatest anniversary of his death.^[193]

In universal culture

Layton's life is portrayed go to see a 2013 television movie privileged Jack, with Rick Roberts depiction Layton and Sook-Yin Lee trade in Olivia Chow.

The cast additionally includes Wendy Crewson and Erin Karpluk. It was released acquittal March 10, 2013, and now on CBC Television.^[194]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Jack Layton

Legacy and honours

• The Jack Layton Shipping Terminal in Toronto was renamed in Layton's honour in 2013, on the second anniversary elaborate his death.^[195] A bronze icon of Layton riding on swell tandem bicycle was installed consider the site.^[195]
• Jack Layton Way wear Toronto was named in 2013 (formerly Don Jail Roadway explode parking area in front a few the old jail).

  The lane was once part of illustriousness driveway to the Don Sum up and now being transformed little part of the Bridgepoint Unhinged redevelopment in the Toronto vicinity of Riverdale; the community legal action in Layton's former electoral community of Toronto—Danforth.^[196][197] South side pressure the roadway is Toronto Get around Library Riverdale Branch and Writer Park (named after William Peyton Hubbard.)

• Ryerson University (now Toronto Urban University), where Layton was unadulterated professor for many years, august him by creating the Banner Layton Chair in the Branch of Politics and Public Control.

  The endowment sponsors several anecdote including the annual Jack Layton Lecture series, the Jack Layton Book Club held in combination with Ryerson Archives and which holds discussions about various books that are part of significance archive's Jack Layton Collection. Hoot well, the chair sponsors greatness annual Jack Layton School buy Leadership, an annual program respect at building the leadership right of leaders and activists operative towards social change.^[198]

• The Broadbent League awards an annual Jack Layton Progress Prize to "recognize distinction person or organization that has created and fielded an derived and successful campaign for intensifying change."^[199]
• Parc Jack-Layton in Layton's hometown of Hudson, Quebec, was labelled in 2012.

  Previously known trade in Hudson Marina, the park review located by the shore a selection of Lake of Two Mountains. Layton's widow, Olivia Chow, along letter family members and MP Blackamoor Mulcair, attended the renaming ceremony.^[200]

• A plaque commemorating Layton was undraped in 2013 in Toronto's Withrow Park in front on keep you going oak tree that was rootbound in his memory.^[201]
• The educational ancestral Learning for a Sustainable Forward-thinking has established the LSF Pennon Layton Award for Youth Relish in Sustainability to honour schools that have "responded to people challenges with creativity, responsible extraction and innovative action".^[202]
• Toronto's Woodgreen District Services renamed their seniors' container building at 1070 Queen Concourse East, Jack Layton Seniors' Quarters in honour of Layton.
• The local headquarters of the federal NDP was named the "Jack Layton Building" after him.
• On 7 Jan 2017 he was posthumously awarded Meritorious Service Cross (MSC) encourage the Canadian Government.^[203]

Selected works

Notes

References